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      Aggression predicts Cortisol Awakening Response in healthy young adults Translated title: La Agresión como variable predictora de la Respuesta Matutina de Cortisol en adultos jóvenes

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          Abstract

          It seems that aggressive behavior is negatively related to cortisol (C), but this relationship has been established considering the evening C levels. On the other hand, the relationship with the C awakening response (CAR) and the influence of gender and menstrual cycle phase are not well understood. This study analyzed this relationship in 83 women (38 in the luteal and 45 in the follicular phase of their menstrual cycle) and 20 men. CAR was assessed by measuring salivary free cortisol levels in samples taken immediately following awakening and 30, 45, and 60 minutes later. Additionally, participants completed a self-report of aggression. Men presented lower CAR than women in the luteal phase. Moreover, they also had higher levels of physical aggression than women, independently of their menstrual phase. Regarding the relationships between variables, in men general aggression and verbal aggression predicted the CAR. In women, verbal aggression predicted the CAR during the follicular phase, whereas anger and physical aggression were predictors during the luteal phase. Our data support the view that there is a negative relationship between C and aggressive behavior, even during the morning, this relationship being moderated by gender and menstrual cycle phase in the women. These findings may help improve our understanding of the biological mechanisms involved in violence.

          Translated abstract

          Parece que el cortisol (C) se relacionaría de forma inversa con el comportamiento agresivo, pero esta relación ha sido más claramente establecida con el cortisol vespertino. Sin embargo, la relación con la respuesta matutina de cortisol (CAR) y la influencia del género y la fase del ciclo no estaría tan clara. Este estudio analiza dicha relación en 83 mujeres (38 en fase lútea y 45 en fase folicular del ciclo menstrual) y 20 hombres. La CAR se obtuvo a partir de muestras de saliva recogidas inmediatamente y después del despertar (a los 30, 45 y 60 minutos después). Además, los participantes cumplimentaron un autoinforme de agresión. Los hombres presentan niveles más bajos de CAR que las mujeres en fase lútea y una mayor agresión física que las mujeres, independientemente de la fase del ciclo en la que se encuentren. Respecto a las relaciones entre las variables, en los hombres la agresión en general y la verbal predijeron la CAR en hombres. En mujeres, la agresión verbal predijo la CAR durante la fase folicular, mientras que la ira y la agresión física durante la lútea. Nuestra investigación apoya que existiría una relación negativa entre el C y las conductas agresivas, incluso con los niveles de C matutino. Además, la relación entre ambas variables fue moderada por el género y por la fase del ciclo menstrual en el caso de las mujeres. Estos resultados podrían incrementar el conocimiento existente sobre los mecanismos envueltos en la violencia.

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          Most cited references76

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          Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications

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            The cortisol awakening response: more than a measure of HPA axis function.

            In most healthy people morning awakening is associated with a burst of cortisol secretion: the cortisol awakening response (CAR). It is argued that the CAR is subject to a range physiological regulatory influences that facilitate this rapid increase in cortisol secretion. Evidence is presented for reduced adrenal sensitivity to rising levels of ACTH in the pre-awakening period, mediated by an extra-pituitary pathway to the adrenal from the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). A role for the hippocampus in this pre-awakening regulation of cortisol secretion is considered. Attainment of consciousness is associated with 'flip-flop' switching of regional brain activation, which, it is argued, initiates a combination of processes: (1) activation of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis; (2) release of pre-awakening reduced adrenal sensitivity to ACTH; (3) increased post-awakening adrenal sensitivity to ACTH in response to light, mediated by a SCN extra-pituitary pathway. An association between the CAR and the ending of sleep inertia is discussed.
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              The awakening cortisol response: methodological issues and significance.

              The awakening cortisol response (ACR) is a discrete and distinctive part of the cortisol circadian cycle. In healthy adults salivary free cortisol concentrations increase by between 50 and 160% in the first 30 min immediately post-awakening (approximate average increase of 9 nmol/l, range 4-15 nmol/l, estimated to be equivalent to about three secretory episodes). However there are no agreed norms for the absolute concentrations of free cortisol in saliva either immediately post-awakening (range of 4.7-18.5 nmol/l) or 30 min post-awakening (range of 8.6-21.9 nmol/l). This review explores reasons for these discrepancies in normative data including confounding factors such as gender, age, awakening time, light and participant adherence. Although the physiological role of the ACR has not been clearly defined evidence is discussed that suggests it is under a distinct regulatory influence, different from the rest of the diurnal cortisol secretory cycle. Despite the difficulties associated with its measurement a range of studies have demonstrated an association between the ACR and psychosocial variables, stress and health. However it remains unclear whether positive affect and good health are consistently associated with larger or smaller awakening responses. It is early days in the search for the role and significance of the ACR. Its putative role in the regulation of physiological function across the day (e.g. the immune system) and its sensitivity to psychosocial variables make it a prime candidate as an intermediary linking mind and health. Copyright 2004 Taylor and Francis Ltd.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ap
                Anales de Psicología
                Anal. Psicol.
                Universidad de Murcia (Murcia )
                0212-9728
                October 2015
                : 31
                : 3
                : 1044-1051
                Affiliations
                [1 ] University of Valencia Spain
                Article
                S0212-97282015000300031
                10.6018/analesps.32.1.177641
                68249bde-b3d3-405a-82fd-48a8a4e38d8f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                PSYCHOLOGY

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                aggression,cortisol awakening response,gender,menstrual cycle,healthy,young,agresión,respuesta matutina de cortisol,género,ciclo menstrual,sano,joven

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