Investigación cualitativa: el análisis temático para el tratamiento de la información desde el enfoque de la fenomenología social

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Abstract

La difusión y creciente popularidad de la investigación cualitativa en las ciencias sociales, hacen necesario reconstruir su historia y revisar de forma permanente sus supuestos epistemológicos, evidenciar las críticas y señalar formas cada vez más eficaces y replicables de procesar la diversa información recopilada en los procesos de investigación, acciones inherentes al proceso de reflexividad propia de esta forma de asumir el mundo humano y social. En este artículo asumimos una parte de las demandas señaladas y presentamos desde autores clásicos los aportes que han contribuido a esclarecer y fundamentar con mayor rigor científico esta no tan nueva mirada, que asume a las personas desde sus biografías y contextos culturales, sociales, políticos y económicos como constructores de sentido y capaces de interpretar sus condiciones de vida, lo cual permite el intercambio intersubjetivo con los investigadores y posibilita la comprensión/interpretación de los diversos mundos y prácticas sociales, para poner a prueba, construir o replantear teorías.

Translated abstract

A divulgação ecrescente popularidade da pesquisa qualitativa em ciências sociais, ê necessário reconstruira sua história e permanentemente revisar suas provas, epistemológicadas crítica se observou processo cada vez mais eficaz e mais reproduzível da informação recolhida em diferentes processos acções de investigação inerentes ao processo de reflexividadese, assim, assumindo que o mundo humano e social. Neste trabalho assumimos uma parte dos sinistros declaradose apresentados a partir de contribuições clássicas que têm ajudou a esclarecere fundamentar com maior rigor científico não ê tãonovo visual, o que leva as pessoas a partir de suas biografias e construtores cultural, social, política e económica como de significado e podem interpretar suas condições de vida, o que permite a troca pesquisadores intersubjetivas e permite a compreensão/interpretação dos vários mundos e práticas sociais para testar, desenvolver ou repensar as teorias.

Translated abstract

The recent diffusion and popularity of qualitative method in Social Sciences makes the reconstruction of its history necessary, and suggests it is crucial to permanently review its epistemological precepts, highlight critical remarks and point out more efficient and replicable manners of processing the diverse sorts of information gathered from the research processes. Those actions are inherent to the process of reflexivity, which belongs to this way of conceiving the human and the social world. We assume part of the aforementioned requests and present the contributions to elucidate and rigorously support this not-so-new approach, which regards people (from their biographies and their cultural-political-social and economic contexts) as sense builders and capable beings to understand their own life conditions. The inter-subjective exchange with researchers and the comprehension and interpretation of diverse worlds and social practices allows us to construct or redefine theories.

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The Discovery of Grounded Theory

Barney G. Glaser, Anselm L. Strauss (1967)

Most writing on sociological method has been concerned with how accurate facts can be obtained and how theory can thereby be more rigorously tested. In The Discovery of Grounded Theory, Barney Glaser and Anselm Strauss address the equally Important enterprise of how the discovery of theory from data--systematically obtained and analyzed in social research--can be furthered. The discovery of theory from data--grounded theory--is a major task confronting sociology, for such a theory fits empirical situations, and is understandable to sociologists and laymen alike. Most important, it provides relevant predictions, explanations, interpretations, and applications.In Part I of the book, Generation Theory by Comparative Analysis, the authors present a strategy whereby sociologists can facilitate the discovery of grounded theory, both substantive and formal. This strategy involves the systematic choice and study of several comparison groups. In Part II, The Flexible Use of Data, the generation of theory from qualitative, especially documentary, and quantitative data Is considered. In Part III, Implications of Grounded Theory, Glaser and Strauss examine the credibility of grounded theory.The Discovery of Grounded Theory is directed toward improving social scientists' capacity for generating theory that will be relevant to their research. While aimed primarily at sociologists, it will be useful to anyone Interested In studying social phenomena--political, educational, economic, industrial-- especially If their studies are based on qualitative data.