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      Cambios en las expectativas y las actitudes de los trabajadores de la hostelería después de la ley de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo Translated title: Changes in hospitality workers' expectations and attitudes after the implementation of the Spanish smoking law

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          Abstract

          Objetivo: Evaluar los cambios en las expectativas y las actitudes sobre la Ley 28/2005 de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo de los trabajadores de la hostelería tras 2 años de su entrada en vigor. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal de una cohorte de trabajadores del sector de la hostelería de cinco comunidades autónomas (n=431) antes de la entrada en vigor de la ley y 24 meses después. Se comparararon el conocimiento de la ley, las expectativas de cumplimiento y los conocimientos sobre los efectos adversos del tabaquismo pasivo antes y después de la ley. Resultados: De los 431 trabajadores participantes iniciales se obtuvo respuesta de 219 a los 2 años (tasa de seguimiento del 50,8%). El 79,0% de los trabajadores conocía el proyecto de ley antes de su entrada en vigor, frente al 94,1% que afirmó conocerla después (p<0,05). Se observó un aumento en el porcentaje de trabajadores que estaban de acuerdo en prohibir el consumo de tabaco en todos los lugares públicos, incluidos los bares y restaurantes (del 54,1% al 65,8%; p<0,05). Se observó un aumento en los porcentajes de apoyo a la actual norma, en la percepción de su cumplimiento por parte de los trabajadores y de los clientes, y en el conocimiento de los efectos adversos del humo ambiental del tabaco. Conclusiones: El conocimiento y la aceptación de la ley de medidas sanitarias frente al tabaquismo por parte de los trabajadores de la hostelería ha aumentado 2 años después de su entrada en vigor.

          Translated abstract

          Objective: To assess changes in hospitality workers' expectations and attitudes towards the Spanish smoking law before and 2 years after the smoking ban. Methods: We performed a longitudinal study of a cohort (n=431) of hospitality workers in five regions in Spain before the law came into effect and 24 months later. Expectations and attitudes towards the ban and knowledge about the effect of second-hand smoke on health were compared before and after the ban. Results: We recruited 431 hospitality workers in the baseline survey and 219 were followed-up 24 months later (overall follow-up rate of 50.8%). The percentage of hospitality workers who knew the law was 79.0% before it was passed and was 94.1% 24 months later (p<0.05). We observed an increase in support to the smoke-free ban in all public places, including bars and restaurants (54.1% to 65.8%; p<0.05). The percentages of support for the current ban, perception of compliance with the ban by employees and customers, and knowledge of the effect of second-hand smoke on health also increased. Conclusions: Knowledge and support to the Spanish smoking law among hospitality workers increased 2 years after the implementation of the ban.

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          Most cited references46

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          Reductions in tobacco smoke pollution and increases in support for smoke-free public places following the implementation of comprehensive smoke-free workplace legislation in the Republic of Ireland: findings from the ITC Ireland/UK Survey.

          To evaluate the psychosocial and behavioural impact of the first ever national level comprehensive workplace smoke-free law, implemented in Ireland in March 2004. Quasi-experimental prospective cohort survey: parallel cohort telephone surveys of national representative samples of adult smokers in Ireland (n = 769) and the UK (n = 416), surveyed before the law (December 2003 to January 2004) and 8-9 months after the law (December 2004 to January 2005). Respondents' reports of smoking in key public venues, support for total bans in those key venues, and behavioural changes due to the law. The Irish law led to dramatic declines in reported smoking in all venues, including workplaces (62% to 14%), restaurants (85% to 3%), and bars/pubs (98% to 5%). Support for total bans among Irish smokers increased in all venues, including workplaces (43% to 67%), restaurants (45% to 77%), and bars/pubs (13% to 46%). Overall, 83% of Irish smokers reported that the smoke-free law was a "good" or "very good" thing. The proportion of Irish homes with smoking bans also increased. Approximately 46% of Irish smokers reported that the law had made them more likely to quit. Among Irish smokers who had quit at post-legislation, 80% reported that the law had helped them quit and 88% reported that the law helped them stay quit. The Ireland smoke-free law stands as a positive example of how a population-level policy intervention can achieve its public health goals while achieving a high level of acceptance among smokers. These findings support initiatives in many countries toward implementing smoke-free legislation, particularly those who have ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, which calls for legislation to reduce tobacco smoke pollution.
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            Review of the quality of studies on the economic effects of smoke-free policies on the hospitality industry.

            M. Scollo (2003)
            To compare the quality and funding source of studies concluding a negative economic impact of smoke-free policies in the hospitality industry to studies concluding no such negative impact. Researchers sought all studies produced before 31 August 2002. Articles published in scientific journals were located with Medline, Science Citation Index, Social Sciences Citation Index, Current Contents, PsychInfo, Econlit, and Healthstar. Unpublished studies were located from tobacco company websites and through internet searches. 97 studies that made statements about economic impact were included. 93% of the studies located met the selection criteria as determined by consensus between multiple reviewers. Findings and characteristics of studies (apart from funding source) were classified independently by two researchers. A third assessor blind to both the objective of the present study and to funding source also classified each study. In studies concluding a negative impact, the odds of using a subjective outcome measure was 4.0 times (95% confidence interval (CI) 1.4 to 9.6; p = 0.007) and the odds of not being peer reviewed was 20 times (95% CI 2.6 to 166.7; p = 0.004) that of studies concluding no such negative impact. All of the studies concluding a negative impact were supported by the tobacco industry. 94% of the tobacco industry supported studies concluded a negative economic impact compared to none of the non-industry supported studies. All of the best designed studies report no impact or a positive impact of smoke-free restaurant and bar laws on sales or employment. Policymakers can act to protect workers and patrons from the toxins in secondhand smoke confident in rejecting industry claims that there will be an adverse economic impact.
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              Tobacco industry manipulation of the hospitality industry to maintain smoking in public places.

              To describe how the tobacco industry used the "accommodation" message to mount an aggressive and effective worldwide campaign to recruit hospitality associations, such as restaurant associations, to serve as the tobacco industry's surrogate in fighting against smoke-free environments. We analysed tobacco industry documents publicly available on the internet as a result of litigation in the USA. Documents were accessed between January and November 2001. The tobacco industry, led by Philip Morris, made financial contributions to existing hospitality associations or, when it did not find an association willing to work for tobacco interests, created its own "association" in order to prevent the growth of smoke-free environments. The industry also used hospitality associations as a vehicle for programmes promoting "accommodation" of smokers and non-smokers, which ignore the health risks of second hand smoke for employees and patrons of hospitality venues. Through the myth of lost profits, the tobacco industry has fooled the hospitality industry into embracing expensive ventilation equipment, while in reality 100% smoke-free laws have been shown to have no effect on business revenues, or even to improve them. The tobacco industry has effectively turned the hospitality industry into its de facto lobbying arm on clean indoor air. Public health advocates need to understand that, with rare exceptions, when they talk to organised restaurant associations they are effectively talking to the tobacco industry and must act accordingly.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                gs
                Gaceta Sanitaria
                Gac Sanit
                Ediciones Doyma, S.L. (Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain )
                0213-9111
                June 2010
                : 24
                : 3
                : 241-246
                Affiliations
                [08] Barcelona orgnameGeneralitat de Catalunya orgdiv1Departament de Salut España
                [02] L'Hospitalet de Llobregat orgnameUniversitat de Barcelona (Campus de Bellvitge) orgdiv1Facultat de Medicina orgdiv2Departament de Ciències Clíniques España
                [04] Santiago de Compostela orgnameUniversidad de Santiago de Compostela orgdiv1Departamento de Salud Pública España
                [06] Terrassa orgnameAjuntament de Terrassa orgdiv1Instituto Municipal de Salud y Bienestar Social (IMSABS) España
                [11] Barcelona orgnamePla Director d'Oncologia-IDIBELL España
                [03] Santiago de Compostela orgnameXunta de Galicia orgdiv1Dirección General de Salud Pública España
                [01] L'Hospitalet de Llobregat orgnameInstitut Català d'Oncologia-IDIBELL orgdiv1Unitat de Recerca i Control del Tabaquisme España
                [05] España orgnameCentro de investigación biomédica en re de Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP)
                [09] Barcelona orgnameUnivesitat de Barcelona orgdiv1Departament de Salut Pública España
                [07] Barcelona orgnameAgència de Salut Pública de Barcelona (ASPB) orgdiv1Servei d'Avaluació i Mètodes d'Intervenció España
                [10] Barcelona orgnameUniversitat Pompeu Fabra orgdiv1Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut España
                Article
                S0213-91112010000300011 S0213-9111(10)02400300011
                6904bb55-ac88-4cc3-82fe-2f5bfb5c094b

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 03 February 2010
                : 17 November 2009
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 27, Pages: 6
                Product

                SciELO Public Health


                Estudio longitudinal,Trabajadores de hostelería,Percepción,Humo ambiental del tabaco,Ley 28/2005,Hospitality workers,Cuestionario,Longitudinal study,Second-hand smoke,Questionnaire,Spanish smoking law,Attitudes and expectations

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