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      Quarant’anni (1978-2018) di politiche vaccinali in Italia

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      Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis
      Mattioli 1885

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          Forty years (1978-2018) of vaccination policies in Italy

          The paper traces the evolution of vaccination policies in Italy in the first 40 years of the National Health Service. Four phases have been identified: the first (1978-98) characterized by the eradication of smallpox, the hopes of further eradications and the introduction of hepatitis B and acellular antipertussis vaccines; the second (1999-2008) coincided with the first national vaccination plans and with the hypothesis of a progressive transition from mandatory vaccinations to nudging initiatives with the relevant experimentation in the Veneto Region; the third phase (2009-14) was characterized by the spread of health information on the web and social networks, by anti-scientific judgments and by an increasingly vaccines hesitancy that led to incorrect perceptions, falls in coverage rates and re-ignition of some epidemics; in the last phase (2015-18) there was a strong political committment that led to the approval of the National Plan (PNPV) 2017-19, to the extension of the mandatory vaccinations and to the sanctions against the anti-vaxxers doctors. This has led to a rapid rise in coverage, but also to a heated political and media debate on the ethical and social aspects linked to the admission bans and sancions of unvaccinated children in schools. (www.actabiomedica.it)

          Riassunto. Il lavoro ripercorre l’evoluzione delle politiche vaccinali in Italia nei primi 40 anni del Servizio Sanitario Nazionale. Sono state identificate quattro fasi: la prima (1978-98) caratterizzata dall’eradicazione del vaiolo, dalle speranze di ulteriori eradicazioni e dall’introduzione dei vaccini antiepatite B e antipertosse acellulare; la seconda (1999-2008) è coincisa con i primi piani vaccinali nazionali e con l’ipotesi di un progressivo passaggio dall’obbligo all’adesione consapevole, segnata dall’importante sperimentazione della Regione Veneto; la terza fase (2009-14) è stata caratterizzata dalla diffusione dell’informazione sanitaria su web e social, da sentenze giudiziarie antiscientifiche e da una sempre più diffusa vaccine hesitancy che hanno portato a errate percezioni, cali generalizzati delle coperture e riaccensione di focolai epidemici; nell’ultima fase (2015-18) c’è stata una reazione delle istituzioni che ha portato all’approvazione del PNPV 2017-19, all’estensione degli obblighi vaccinali e a sanzioni contro i medici antivaccinisti. Ciò ha portato ad un rapido rialzo delle coperture ma anche ad un acceso dibattito politico e mediatico sugli aspetti etici e sociali legati alle sanzioni e ai divieti di ammissione dei bambini non vaccinati nelle scuole.

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          Most cited references23

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          A controlled trial of two acellular vaccines and one whole-cell vaccine against pertussis. Progetto Pertosse Working Group.

          Concern about both safety and efficacy has made the use of whole-cell pertussis vaccines controversial. In some European countries, including Italy, the rate of vaccination against pertussis is low. We conducted a double-blind trial in Italy in which infants were randomly assigned to vaccination at two, four, and six months of age with an acellular pertussis vaccine together with diphtheria and tetanus toxoids (DTP); a DTP vaccine containing whole-cell pertussis (manufactured by Connaught Laboratories); or diphtheria and tetanus toxoids without pertussis (DT). The acellular DTP vaccine was either one containing filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and pertussis toxin inactivated with formalin and glutaraldehyde (SmithKline Beecham) or one with filamentous hemagglutinin, pertactin, and genetically detoxified pertussis toxin (Chiron Biocine). Pertussis was defined as 21 days or more of paroxysmal cough, with infection confirmed by culture or serologic testing. The efficacy of each vaccine, given in three doses, against pertussis was determined for 14,751 children over an average of 17 months, with cases included in the analysis if cough began 30 days or more after the completion of immunization. For both of the acellular DTP vaccines, the efficacy was 84 percent (95 percent confidence intervals, 76 to 89 percent for Biocine DTP and 76 to 90 percent for SmithKline DTP), whereas the efficacy of the whole-cell DTP vaccine was only 36 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 14 to 52 percent). The antibody responses were greater to the acellular vaccines than to the whole-cell vaccine. Local and systemic adverse events were significantly more frequent after the administration of the whole-cell vaccine. For the acellular vaccines, the frequency of adverse events was similar to that in the control (DT) group. The two acellular DTP vaccines we studied were safe, immunogenic, and efficacious against pertussis, whereas the efficacy of the whole-cell DTP vaccine was unexpectedly low.
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            Effectiveness of interventions that apply new media to improve vaccine uptake and vaccine coverage.

            Vaccine-preventable diseases (VPD) are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. In high and middle-income settings, immunization coverage is relatively high. However, in many countries coverage rates of routinely recommended vaccines are still below the targets established by international and national advisory committees. Progress in the field of communication technology might provide useful tools to enhance immunization strategies.
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              Lancet retracts 12-year-old article linking autism to MMR vaccines.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Biomed
                Acta Biomed
                Acta bio-medica : Atenei Parmensis
                Mattioli 1885 (Italy )
                0392-4203
                2019
                : 90
                : 1
                : 127-133
                Affiliations
                Ordinario di Igiene, Università di Parma
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Carlo Signorelli Ordinario di Igiene, Università di Parma E-mail: carlo.signorelli@ 123456unipr.it
                Article
                ACTA-90-127
                10.23750/abm.v90i1.7900
                6502166
                30889167
                692022b7-d088-4fd5-9420-1893fdf34322
                Copyright: © 2019 ACTA BIO MEDICA SOCIETY OF MEDICINE AND NATURAL SCIENCES OF PARMA

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License

                History
                : 26 November 2018
                : 09 December 2018
                Categories
                Briefing on Italian National Health Service

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