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      Predicting Factors of Pain Duration in Patients with Chronic Pain: A Large Population-based Study

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          Abstract

          Background

          Chronic pain is the third main problem of global health and the most common cause of long-term disabilities. The duration that patients suffer from chronic pain is directly proportional to the extent of the suffering and to the amount of health care resources allocated to this problem. There is no research that has studied the risk factors associated with the long pain duration in chronic pain patients.

          Methods

          We investigated the potential risk factors associated with long pain duration in a population with diverse pain conditions in a cross-sectional study. We used a questionnaire that included a number of potential risk factors including sex, age, marital status, household condition, number of children, employment, education, body mass index (BMI), pain intensity, and the level of anxiety/depression. The data were analyzed by univariable and multivariable linear regression models.

          Results

          We recruited 780 patients. The analyses showed that age and abnormal BMI had a positive correlation with pain duration.

          Conclusions

          The risk factors that might be associated with longer pain duration include older age and abnormal BMI.

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          Most cited references38

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          Lost productive time and cost due to common pain conditions in the US workforce.

          Walter Stewart, Judith Ricci, Elsbeth Chee … (2003)
          Common pain conditions appear to have an adverse effect on work, but no comprehensive estimates exist on the amount of productive time lost in the US workforce due to pain. To measure lost productive time (absence and reduced performance due to common pain conditions) during a 2-week period. Cross-sectional study using survey data from the American Productivity Audit (a telephone survey that uses the Work and Health Interview) of working adults between August 1, 2001, and July 30, 2002. Random sample of 28 902 working adults in the United States. Lost productive time due to common pain conditions (arthritis, back, headache, and other musculoskeletal) expressed in hours per worker per week and calculated in US dollars. Thirteen percent of the total workforce experienced a loss in productive time during a 2-week period due to a common pain condition. Headache was the most common (5.4%) pain condition resulting in lost productive time. It was followed by back pain (3.2%), arthritis pain (2.0%), and other musculoskeletal pain (2.0%). Workers who experienced lost productive time from a pain condition lost a mean (SE) of 4.6 (0.09) h/wk. Workers who had a headache had a mean (SE) loss in productive time of 3.5 (0.1) h/wk. Workers who reported arthritis or back pain had mean (SE) lost productive times of 5.2 (0.25) h/wk. Other common pain conditions resulted in a mean (SE) loss in productive time of 5.5 (0.22) h/wk. Lost productive time from common pain conditions among active workers costs an estimated 61.2 billion dollars per year. The majority (76.6%) of the lost productive time was explained by reduced performance while at work and not work absence. Pain is an inordinately common and disabling condition in the US workforce. Most of the pain-related lost productive time occurs while employees are at work and is in the form of reduced performance.
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            Pain and its treatment in outpatients with metastatic cancer.

            C Cleeland, R Gonin, A Hatfield … (1994)
            Pain is often inadequately treated in patients with cancer. A total of 1308 outpatients with metastatic cancer from 54 treatment locations affiliated with the Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group rated the severity of their pain during the preceding week, as well as the degree of pain-related functional impairment and the degree of relief provided by analgesic drugs. Their physicians attributed the pain to various factors, described its treatment, and estimated the impact of pain on the patients' ability to function. We assessed the adequacy of prescribed analgesic drugs using guidelines developed by the World Health Organization, studied the factors that influenced whether analgesia was adequate, and determined the effects of inadequate analgesia on the patients' perception of pain relief and functional status. Sixty-seven percent of the patients (871 of 1308) reported that they had had pain or had taken analgesic drugs daily during the week preceding the study, and 36 percent (475 of 1308) had pain severe enough to impair their ability to function. Forty-two percent of those with pain (250 of the 597 patients for whom we had complete information) were not given adequate analgesic therapy. Patients seen at centers that treated predominantly minorities were three times more likely than those treated elsewhere to have inadequate pain management. A discrepancy between patient and physician in judging the severity of the patient's pain was predictive of inadequate pain management (odds ratio, 2.3). Other factors that predicted inadequate pain management included pain that physicians did not attribute to cancer (odds ratio, 1.9), better performance status (odds ratio, 1.8), age of 70 years or older (odds ratio, 2.4), and female sex (odds ratio, 1.5). Patients with less adequate analgesia reported less pain relief and greater pain-related impairment of function. Despite published guidelines for pain management, many patients with cancer have considerable pain and receive inadequate analgesia.
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              Chronic postsurgical pain in Europe: An observational study.

              Dominique Fletcher, Ulrike Stamer, Esther Pogatzki-Zahn … (2015)
              Chronic postsurgical pain (CPSP) is an important clinical problem. Prospective studies of the incidence, characteristics and risk factors of CPSP are needed.
              Article 0 comments Cited 138 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Hossein Majedi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8477-6348
                Mohammadreza Hoseini Amini
                Fardin Yousefshahi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3297-5537
                Zahra Khazaeipour
                Maryam Majedi
                Mojgan Rahimi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-459X
                Amirhossein Orandi
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Anesth Pain Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Anesth Pain Med
                Journal ID (doi): 10.5812/aapm
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Kowsar
                Title: Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine
                Publisher: Kowsar
                ISSN (Print): 2228-7523
                ISSN (Electronic): 2228-7531
                Publication date (Electronic): 10 February 2020
                Publication date Collection: February 2020
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 1
                Electronic Location Identifier: e95776
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Brain and Spinal Cord Injury Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [2 ]Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
                [3 ]Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care, Qom University of Medical Sciences, Qom, Iran
                Author notes
                [* ]Corresponding Author: Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: hossein_majedi@ 123456yahoo.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8477-6348
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3297-5537
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1876-459X
                Article
                DOI: 10.5812/aapm.95776
                PMC ID: 7158237
                PubMed ID: 32337167
                SO-VID: 693379db-a889-4d0b-acc9-608bb4c50008
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020, Author(s)
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits copy and redistribute the material just in noncommercial usages, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 28 June 2019
                Date accepted : 27 January 2020
                Date revision received : 26 October 2019
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                Keywords: pain,duration,obesity,bmi,sex,gender,age,treatment,management,chronic
                Data availability:
                Keywords: pain, duration, obesity, bmi, sex, gender, age, treatment, management, chronic

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