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      Biodiesel Synthesis from Pongamia pinnata oil over Modified CeO2 Catalysts

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          Abstract

          This study investigates the use of CeO2, ZrO2, MgO and CeO2-ZrO2, CeO2-MgO, CeO2-ZrO2-MgO mixed oxides as solid base catalysts for the transesterification of Pongamia pinnata oil with methanol to produce biodiesel. SO4(2-)/CeO2 and SO4(2-)/CeO2-ZrO2 were also prepared and used as solid acid catalysts for esterification of Pongamia pinnata oil (P-oil) to reduce the % of free fatty acid (FFA) in P-oil. These oxide catalysts were prepared by an incipient wetness impregnation method and characterized by techniques such as NH3-TPD for surface acidity, CO2-TPD for surface basicity and powder X-ray diffraction for crystalinity. The effect of nature of the catalyst, methanol to P-oil molar ratio and reaction time in esterification as well as in transesterification was investigated. The catalytic materials were reactivated & reused for five reaction cycles and the results showed that the ceria based catalysts have reasonably good reusability both in esterification and transesterification reaction. The test results also revealed that the CeO2-ZrO2 modified with MgO could have potential for use in the large scale biodiesel production.

          Translated abstract

          En este trabajo se investiga el uso de los óxidos mixtos CeO2, ZrO2, MgO and CeO2-ZrO2, CeO2-MgO, CeO2-ZrO2-MgO como catalizadores básicos sólidos en la transesterificación con metanol de aceite de Pongamia pinnata (aceite-P) para producir biodiesel. También se prepararon SO4(2-)/CeO2 and SO4(2-)/CeO2-ZrO2 y se usaron como catalizadores ácidos para la esterificación del aceite-P y reducir el % de ácidos grasos libres (FFA). Los óxidos se sintetizaron por un método de impregnación a mojado incipiente y se caracterizaron por técnicas como NH3-TPD, para medir la acidez superficial, CO2-TPD para la basicidad de la superficie y difracción de rayos X para obtener la cristalinidad. Se investigaron el efecto de la naturaleza del catalizador, la razón molar entre metanol y aceite-P y el tiempo de reacción, tanto para la transesterificación como para la esterificación. Los catalizadores se reactivaron y reusaron por cinco ciclos de reacción y los resultados mostraron que los catalizadores a base de ceria pueden reusarse razonablemente bien para ambas reacciones. Asimismo se mostró que el óxido CeO2-ZrO2 modificado con MgO tiene potencial para su uso en producción de biodiesel a gran escala.

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          Most cited references31

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          Endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, and interleukin-1 decrease hepatic squalene synthase activity, protein, and mRNA levels in Syrian hamsters.

          Recent studies have shown that endotoxin (LPS) administration to Syrian hamsters markedly increased hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activity, protein mass, and mRNA levels, but only produced a modest increase in hepatic cholesterol synthesis, suggesting that LPS may also influence other key enzymes involved in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism. In the present study, we have examined the effect of LPS and cytokines on the activity, protein mass, and mRNA level of squalene synthase, which is the first committed enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis and is located at a branch point in the mevalonate pathway. Our results demonstrate that LPS administration produces a marked decrease in the mRNA levels of squalene synthase. This decrease in squalene synthase mRNA occurred very rapidly (90 min after LPS) and required relatively small doses of LPS (1 microg/100 gm body weight). LPS also significantly decreased squalene synthase activity and protein mass. Finally, LPS produced a marked decrease in squalene synthase mRNA, activity, and protein levels when the basal levels of squalene synthase expression were increased 4-fold by prior treatment with bile acid binding resin, colestipol. Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1, which mediate many of the metabolic effects of LPS, also decreased hepatic squalene synthase activity and mRNA levels. Taken together, our results suggest that the discordant regulation of HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase during the host response to infection and inflammation may have substantial effects on the regulation of substrate flux into the non-sterol pathways of mevalonate metabolism.
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            A facile synthesis of [14C] epicholesterol.

            A facile procedure is described for the preparation of [14C]epicholesterol from [14C]cholesterol. Cholesterol is first converted to cholesteryl mesylate, which is treated with cesium acetate and 18-crown-6 in refluxing toluene to give epicholesteryl acetate. The latter is hydrolyzed, without isolation, with potassium hydroxide in tetrahydrofuran-methanol to give epicholesterol, which is obtained in pure form by preparative thin-layer chromatography.
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              J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jmcs
                Journal of the Mexican Chemical Society
                J. Mex. Chem. Soc
                Sociedad Química de México A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                1870-249X
                December 2014
                : 58
                : 4
                : 378-385
                Affiliations
                [01] Karnataka orgnameHMS Institute of Technology orgdiv1Chemistry Research Laboratory India
                [02] Coimbatore Tamil Nadu orgnameBharathiar University orgdiv1Research and Development Center India mohamed.shamshuddin@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                S1870-249X2014000400003 S1870-249X(14)05800400003
                695326d8-c821-4d94-9c0e-2b6137ce48cd

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 24 March 2014
                : 19 May 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 28, Pages: 8
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Articles

                CeO2-ZrO2,MgO,Biodiesel,Transesterificación,Transesterification,aceite de Pongamia pinnata,Pongamia pinnata oil,modified CeO2,CeO2, CeO2-ZrO2 modificada

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