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      Unusual Locations of the Hydatid Cyst: A Review from Iran

      review-article
      Author(s): , MD
      Publication date (Print):
      Journal: Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
      Publisher: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences
      Keywords: Hydatid cyst, Location, Unusual, Iran

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          Abstract

          Hydatid disease is caused by Echinococcus granulosus and is endemic in many parts of the world, including Iran. This parasitic tapeworm can produce cysts in almost every organ of the body, with the liver and lung being the most frequently targeted organs. However, the cyst tends to appear in different and sometimes unusual body sites in various geographical areas of the world.

          This review provides information on the reported cases of the unusual body sites of the hydatid cyst from Iran in the last 20 years. A literature search was performed through PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, IranMedex, Society Information Display (SID), Magiran, and Irandoc using the keywords of “hydatid cyst and Iran” and “Echinococcus granulosus and Iran”, and 463 published cases of the hydatid cyst in unusual body sites from Iran were reviewed, evaluated, and discussed. The most common locations were the central nervous system (brain, spinal cord, and orbit), musculoskeletal system, heart, and kidney, while some less common locations were the spleen, pancreas, appendix, thyroid, salivary gland, adrenal gland, breast, and ovary.

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          The present status of human helminthic diseases in Iran.

          M Rokni (2008)
          Over the last few decades there have been several marked changes in the human helminthiases found in Iran. Fascioliasis is emerging as an important chronic disease of humans, especially in the northern province of Gilan (where outbreaks in 1989 and 1999 involved >7000 and >10,000 cases, respectively) and, more recently, in the western province of Kermanshah. In contrast, no cases of urinary schistosomiasis, a disease that once affected thousands of individuals in south-western Khuzestan province, have been reported in Iran in recent years, and no cases of dracunculiasis have been seen in the country since the mid-1970s. Approximately 1% of all admissions to surgical wards are attributable to cystic echinococcosis, which is still considered endemic, but only a few cases of alveolar echinococcosis have been recorded. Over the last decade, there appears to have been a generally downward trend in the incidence of intestinal helminthiases in Iran. Recent estimates of the prevalences of ascariasis and strongyloidiasis, for example, lie between just 0.1% and 0.3%, and <1% of the population now appears to be infected with hookworm. In contrast, human infection with Hymenolepis and Enterobius remains relatively common. There have been a few case reports of toxocariasis and a few sero-epidemiological investigations of this disease but problems in accurate diagnosis have prevented good estimates of the general prevalence of this nematode infection. Just nine cases of pentastomiasis (all caused by Linguatula), 12 of dirofilariasis, one of gongylonemiasis, and three of moniliformiasis have been formally recorded in Iran.
          Article 0 comments Cited 94 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Present situation of echinococcosis in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa.

            Seyed Sadjjadi (2005)
            Echinococcosis is one of the major zoonotic parasitic diseases in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa from Morocco to Egypt. Both cystic and alveolar echinococcosis has been reported from these areas. However, cystic echinococcosis is more prevalent and has been reported from all countries in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Alveolar echinococcosis is less prevalent and has been reported only from Iran, Turkey, Iraq and Tunisia. Present situation of echinococcosis in dogs and other definitive hosts, animal intermediate hosts and humans in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa has been reviewed. Echinococcus granulosus is highly prevalent in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Morocco, Tunisia, and Libya. In the Levant countries, the cystic echinococcosis is also highly endemic. In Oman, it is endemic with low prevalence and a very low level in Cyprus. Various surveys have indicated that hydatid cysts are commonly found in sheep, cattle, goats and camels throughout the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. Sheep are the most infected animals of these regions. Most of studies on human have been focused on surgical reports although several population studies have been performed using serological and imaging techniques. Human cystic echinococcosis (CE) is prevalent in the Middle East and Arabic North Africa. It is hyper endemic in Iran, Turkey, Iraq, Jordan, Morocco, Libya, Tunisia, and Algeria, and endemic in Egypt. Studies on the strain specificities of E. granulosus in the Middle East revealed sheep strain (G1) present in sheep, goats, cattle, camels and humans, and the camel strain (G6) in camels, sheep, cattle as well as humans. Dog/sheep strain seems to be more prevalent in the foregoing regions in documented reports from Iran and Jordan. However, a strain of E. granulosus, which resembles the horse strain (G4) strain, has been reported from Jordan. Strain specifications of E. granulosus in Arabic North Africa showed that sheep/dog strain (G1) have been reported from Tunisia and Libya both from humans and animals. However, in Egypt the human cases reported are of camel/dog strain.
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              Cardiac hydatid disease: CT and MRI findings.

              Bledi Cekrezi, Ege Terzibasioglu, Memduh Dursun … (2007)
              The purpose of this article is to review the CT and MRI findings of cardiac hydatid disease. CT and MRI are helpful for localizing and defining the morphologic features of hydatid cysts. Specific signs include calcification of the cyst wall, presence of daughter cysts, and membrane detachment. CT best shows wall calcification, whereas MRI depicts the exact anatomic location and nature of the internal and external structures.
              Article 0 comments Cited 38 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Iran J Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Iran J Med Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJMS
                Title: Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
                Publisher: Shiraz University of Medical Sciences (Shiraz, Iran )
                ISSN (Print): 0253-0716
                ISSN (Electronic): 1735-3688
                Publication date (Print): March 2013
                Volume: 38
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 2-14
                Affiliations
                [1]Department of Pathology, Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
                Author notes
                Correspondence: Bita Geramizadeh, MD; Department of Pathology, Shiraz Transplant Research Center, Nemazee Hospital, Nemazee Sq., P.O. BOX: 71345-1864, Shiraz, Iran, Tel/Fax: +98 711 6474331, +98 711 6473238, Email: geramib@sums.ac.ir
                Article
                Publisher ID: IJMS-038-002
                PMC ID: 3642939
                PubMed ID: 23645952
                SO-VID: 69e0694e-b01a-47b9-83d7-85914d15c019
                Copyright © © 2013: Iranian Journal of Medical Sciences
                History
                Date received : 2 April 2012
                Date revision received : 19 June 2012
                Date accepted : 8 July 2012
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: hydatid cyst,iran,location,unusual
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine
                Keywords: hydatid cyst, iran, location, unusual

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