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      Sequenciamento total do exoma como ferramenta de diagnóstico de acidose tubular renal distal Translated title: Whole-exome sequencing as a diagnostic tool for distal renal tubular acidosis

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          Abstract

          Resumo Objetivo A acidose tubular renal distal (ATRd) é caracterizada por acidose metabólica devido à excreção renal de ácido prejudicada. O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o diagnóstico genético de quatro crianças com ATRd com uso do sequenciamento total do exoma. Métodos Selecionamos duas famílias não relacionadas, quatro crianças com ATRd e seus pais, para fazer o sequenciamento total do exoma. A audição foi preservada em ambas as crianças da família um, porém em nenhuma criança da família dois, na qual um par de gêmeas teve perda auditiva severa. Fizemos o sequenciamento total do exoma em dois conjuntos de amostras e confirmamos os achados com o método de sequenciamento de Sanger. Resultados Duas mutações foram identificadas nos genes ATP6V0A4 e ATP6V1B1. Na família um, detectamos uma nova mutação no éxon 13 do gene ATP6V0A4 com uma alteração em um nucleotídeo único GAC → TAC (c.1232G>T) que causou substituição de ácido aspártico por tirosina na posição 411. Na família dois, detectamos uma mutação recorrente do homozigoto com inserção de um par de bases (c.1149_1155insC) no éxon 12 do gene ATP6V1B1. Conclusão Nossos resultados confirmam o valor do sequenciamento total do exoma para o estudo de nefropatias genéticas complexas e permitem a identificação de mutações novas e recorrentes. Adicionalmente, demonstramos claramente pela primeira vez a aplicação desse método molecular em doenças tubulares renais.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective Distal renal tubular acidosis (dRTA) is characterized by metabolic acidosis due to impaired renal acid excretion. The aim of this study was to demonstrate the genetic diagnosis of four children with dRTA through use of whole-exome sequencing. Methods Two unrelated families were selected; a total of four children with dRTA and their parents, in order to perform whole-exome sequencing. Hearing was preserved in both children from the first family, but not in the second, wherein a twin pair had severe deafness. Whole-exome sequencing was performed in two pooled samples and findings were confirmed with Sanger sequencing method. Results Two mutations were identified in the ATP6V0A4 and ATP6V1B1 genes. In the first family, a novel mutation in the exon 13 of the ATP6V0A4 gene with a single nucleotide change GAC → TAC (c.1232G>T) was found, which caused a substitution of aspartic acid to tyrosine in position 411. In the second family, a homozygous recurrent mutation with one base-pair insertion (c.1149_1155insC) in exon 12 of the ATP6V1B1 gene was detected. Conclusion These results confirm the value of whole-exome sequencing for the study of rare and complex genetic nephropathies, allowing the identification of novel and recurrent mutations. Furthermore, for the first time the application of this molecular method in renal tubular diseases has been clearly demonstrated.

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          Mutations in ATP6N1B, encoding a new kidney vacuolar proton pump 116-kD subunit, cause recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with preserved hearing.

          The multi-subunit H+-ATPase pump is present at particularly high density on the apical (luminal) surface of -intercalated cells of the cortical collecting duct of the distal nephron, where vectorial proton transport is required for urinary acidification. The complete subunit composition of the apical ATPase, however, has not been fully agreed upon. Functional failure of -intercalated cells results in a group of disorders, the distal renal tubular acidoses (dRTA), whose features include metabolic acidosis accompanied by disturbances of potassium balance, urinary calcium solubility, bone physiology and growth. Mutations in the gene encoding the B-subunit of the apical pump (ATP6B1) cause dRTA accompanied by deafness. We previously localized a gene for dRTA with preserved hearing to 7q33-34 (ref. 4). We report here the identification of this gene, ATP6N1B, which encodes an 840 amino acid novel kidney-specific isoform of ATP6N1A, the 116-kD non-catalytic accessory subunit of the proton pump. Northern-blot analysis demonstrated ATP6N1B expression in kidney but not other main organs. Immunofluorescence studies in human kidney cortex revealed that ATP6N1B localizes almost exclusively to the apical surface of -intercalated cells. We screened nine dRTA kindreds with normal audiometry that linked to the ATP6N1B locus, and identified different homozygous mutations in ATP6N1B in eight. These include nonsense, deletion and splice-site changes, all of which will truncate the protein. Our findings identify a new kidney-specific proton pump 116-kD accessory subunit that is highly expressed in proton-secreting cells in the distal nephron, and illustrate its essential role in normal vectorial acid transport into the urine by the kidney.
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            Novel ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4 mutations in autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis with new evidence for hearing loss.

            Autosomal recessive distal renal tubular acidosis (rdRTA) is characterised by severe hyperchloraemic metabolic acidosis in childhood, hypokalaemia, decreased urinary calcium solubility, and impaired bone physiology and growth. Two types of rdRTA have been differentiated by the presence or absence of sensorineural hearing loss, but appear otherwise clinically similar. Recently, we identified mutations in genes encoding two different subunits of the renal alpha-intercalated cell's apical H(+)-ATPase that cause rdRTA. Defects in the B1 subunit gene ATP6V1B1, and the a4 subunit gene ATP6V0A4, cause rdRTA with deafness and with preserved hearing, respectively. We have investigated 26 new rdRTA kindreds, of which 23 are consanguineous. Linkage analysis of seven novel SNPs and five polymorphic markers in, and tightly linked to, ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4 suggested that four families do not link to either locus, providing strong evidence for additional genetic heterogeneity. In ATP6V1B1, one novel and five previously reported mutations were found in 10 kindreds. In 12 ATP6V0A4 kindreds, seven of 10 mutations were novel. A further nine novel ATP6V0A4 mutations were found in "sporadic" cases. The previously reported association between ATP6V1B1 defects and severe hearing loss in childhood was maintained. However, several patients with ATP6V0A4 mutations have developed hearing loss, usually in young adulthood. We show here that ATP6V0A4 is expressed within the human inner ear. These findings provide further evidence for genetic heterogeneity in rdRTA, extend the spectrum of disease causing mutations in ATP6V1B1 and ATP6V0A4, and show ATP6V0A4 expression within the cochlea for the first time.
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              Renal tubular acidosis: the clinical entity.

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                jped
                Jornal de Pediatria
                J. Pediatr. (Rio J.)
                Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria (Porto Alegre )
                1678-4782
                December 2015
                : 91
                : 6
                : 583-589
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais Brazil
                Article
                S0021-75572015000600583
                10.1016/j.jped.2015.02.002
                26208211
                6b03344b-d0ba-4919-989a-03b7fd02246b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0021-7557&lng=en
                Categories
                PEDIATRICS

                Pediatrics
                Whole-exome sequencing,ATP6V0A4,ATP6V1B1,Crianças,Acidose tubular renal distal,Genética,Sequenciamento total do exoma,Children,Distal renal tubular acidosis,Genetics

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