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      Lipid Metabolism, Disorders and Therapeutic Drugs – Review

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          Abstract

          Different lifestyles have an impact on useful metabolic functions, causing disorders. Different lipids are involved in the metabolic functions that play various vital roles in the body, such as structural components, storage of energy, in signaling, as biomarkers, in energy metabolism, and as hormones. Inter-related disorders are caused when these functions are affected, like diabetes, cancer, infections, and inflammatory and neurodegenerative conditions in humans. During the Covid-19 period, there has been a lot of focus on the effects of metabolic disorders all over the world. Hence, this review collectively reports on research concerning metabolic disorders, mainly cardiovascular and diabetes mellitus. In addition, drug research in lipid metabolism disorders have also been considered. This review explores lipids, metabolism, lipid metabolism disorders, and drugs used for these disorders.

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          Polyunsaturated fatty acids and their metabolites in brain function and disease.

          Richard Bazinet, Sophie Layé (2014)
          The brain is highly enriched with fatty acids. These include the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are largely esterified to the phospholipid cell membrane. Once PUFAs are released from the membrane, they can participate in signal transduction, either directly or after enzymatic conversion to a variety of bioactive derivatives ('mediators'). PUFAs and their mediators regulate several processes within the brain, such as neurotransmission, cell survival and neuroinflammation, and thereby mood and cognition. PUFA levels and the signalling pathways that they regulate are altered in various neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease and major depression. Diet and drugs targeting PUFAs may lead to novel therapeutic approaches for the prevention and treatment of brain disorders.
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            Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease with a Mediterranean diet.

            Ramón Estruch, Emilio Ros, Jordi Salas-Salvadó … (2013)
            Observational cohort studies and a secondary prevention trial have shown an inverse association between adherence to the Mediterranean diet and cardiovascular risk. We conducted a randomized trial of this diet pattern for the primary prevention of cardiovascular events. In a multicenter trial in Spain, we randomly assigned participants who were at high cardiovascular risk, but with no cardiovascular disease at enrollment, to one of three diets: a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with mixed nuts, or a control diet (advice to reduce dietary fat). Participants received quarterly individual and group educational sessions and, depending on group assignment, free provision of extra-virgin olive oil, mixed nuts, or small nonfood gifts. The primary end point was the rate of major cardiovascular events (myocardial infarction, stroke, or death from cardiovascular causes). On the basis of the results of an interim analysis, the trial was stopped after a median follow-up of 4.8 years. A total of 7447 persons were enrolled (age range, 55 to 80 years); 57% were women. The two Mediterranean-diet groups had good adherence to the intervention, according to self-reported intake and biomarker analyses. A primary end-point event occurred in 288 participants. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios were 0.70 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54 to 0.92) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.54 to 0.96) for the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with extra-virgin olive oil (96 events) and the group assigned to a Mediterranean diet with nuts (83 events), respectively, versus the control group (109 events). No diet-related adverse effects were reported. Among persons at high cardiovascular risk, a Mediterranean diet supplemented with extra-virgin olive oil or nuts reduced the incidence of major cardiovascular events. (Funded by the Spanish government's Instituto de Salud Carlos III and others; Controlled-Trials.com number, ISRCTN35739639.).
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              Clinical Review of Antidiabetic Drugs: Implications for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Management

              Arun Chaudhury, Chitharanjan Duvoor, Vijaya Sena Reddy Dendi … (2017)
              Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global pandemic, as evident from the global cartographic picture of diabetes by the International Diabetes Federation (http://www.diabetesatlas.org/). Diabetes mellitus is a chronic, progressive, incompletely understood metabolic condition chiefly characterized by hyperglycemia. Impaired insulin secretion, resistance to tissue actions of insulin, or a combination of both are thought to be the commonest reasons contributing to the pathophysiology of T2DM, a spectrum of disease originally arising from tissue insulin resistance and gradually progressing to a state characterized by complete loss of secretory activity of the beta cells of the pancreas. T2DM is a major contributor to the very large rise in the rate of non-communicable diseases affecting developed as well as developing nations. In this mini review, we endeavor to outline the current management principles, including the spectrum of medications that are currently used for pharmacologic management, for lowering the elevated blood glucose in T2DM.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Biomol Ther (Seoul)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Biomol Ther (Seoul)
                Title: Biomolecules & Therapeutics
                Publisher: The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
                ISSN (Print): 1976-9148
                ISSN (Electronic): 2005-4483
                Publication date (Print): 1 November 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 1 November 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 1 November 2021
                Volume: 29
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 596-604
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar 608002, Tamilnadu, India
                [2 ]Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Metabolic Diseases Research Laboratory, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
                Author notes
                [* ] Corresponding Author E-mail: kimsj@ 123456khu.ac.kr , Tel: +82-2-961-0868
                Article
                Publisher ID: bt-29-6-596
                DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2021.122
                PMC ID: 8551734
                PubMed ID: 34697272
                SO-VID: 6c50c5da-97d1-4adc-95db-07e504286793
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021, The Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 July 2021
                Date revision received : 24 September 2021
                Date accepted : 1 October 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: lipid metabolism,disorders,diabetes,cardiovascular disorder,drugs
                Data availability:
                Keywords: lipid metabolism, disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular disorder, drugs

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