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      First evaluation of a traditional Portuguese alcoholic beverage, prepared with maceration of juniper berries Translated title: Caracterização de uma bebida alcoólica tradicional Portuguesa, preparada com maceração de bagas de zimbro

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          Abstract

          The alcoholic drink called ‘aguardente de zimbro’ is a traditional Portuguese alcoholic beverage made by the people living around Serra da Estrela, using the maceration of juniper berries in different distillates like arbutus spirit, marc spirit and wine spirit. Traditionally homemade for own consumption in rural families, this beverage is now sold to tourists and promoted and included in the food patrimony of the region. However, there is a lack of technical and scientific information about this beverage. A first evaluation of this beverage is done in this work, based on its sensory and physicochemical characteristics. A few commercial samples, two homemade and another two samples of alcoholic beverages made with juniper were analysed in this work. Several analytical determinations, namely density, alcoholic strength, dry matter, total acidity, fixed acidity, volatile acidity, the pH, chromatic characteristics, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate, fusel alcohols and total antioxidant activity were done on the samples with the aim of characterising these Portuguese flavoured juniper spirits. The descriptive sensory analysis of these drinks was also done in order to find the more characteristic sensory attributes of the drink. The results show that under the label ‘aguardente de zimbro’ there are several drinks, with a yellow colour, but with several differences in physicochemical composition and sensory description. In fact, these drinks, with ethanol content from 37.7 to 48.3 % vol. present values of acidity from 25 to 1360 mg/L, pH from 3.91 to 5.89, dry matter 0.75 to 75.24 g/L and density from 0.9446 to 0.9770 g/cm³. Important differences were also observed in the chromatic characteristics, volatile composition and total antioxidant activity. Therefore, further research must be done in order to characterise this ‘traditional’ drink.

          Translated abstract

          A bebida alcoólica denominada “aguardente de zimbro” é uma bebida alcoólica tradicional portuguesa produzida na região da Serra da Estrela, elaborada a partir da maceração de bagas de zimbro em diferentes destilados nomeadamente aguardente bagaceira, aguardente vínica e aguardente de medronho. Esta bebida, que era tradicionalmente produzida para consumo próprio nas famílias rurais, é atualmente produzida industrialmente e vendida aos turistas como uma das imagens de marca dos produtos tradicionais da região. No entanto, há uma falta de informação técnica e científica sobre esta bebida. Neste trabalho é efetuada uma primeira caracterização desta bebida com base nas suas características sensoriais e físico-químicas. Neste trabalho foram analisadas algumas amostras comerciais, duas amostras caseiras e duas amostras de outras bebidas alcoólicas feitas com zimbro. Foram realizadas as seguintes determinações analíticas nas diferentes amostras recolhidas: densidade, teor alcoólico, matéria seca, acidez total, acidez fixa, acidez volátil, pH, características cromáticas, metanol, acetaldeído, acetato de etilo, álcoois superiores e atividade antioxidante total. Foi efetuada também, a caracterização sensorial descritiva dessas bebidas a fim de encontrar os atributos sensoriais mais característicos da bebida. Os resultados mostram que, sob a designação de "aguardente de zimbro" existem várias bebidas, com uma cor amarela, mas com algumas diferenças na composição físico-química e descrição sensorial. Efetivamente, estas bebidas, com um teor de etanol entre 37.7 e 48.3 % vol., apresentam valores de acidez de 25 a 1360 mg/L, pH de 3.91 a 5.89, matéria seca de 0.75 a 75.24 g/L e densidade de 0.9446 para 0.,9770 g/cm³. Foram também verificadas diferenças importantes nas características cromáticas, composição volátil e atividade antioxidante total. É de referir, no entanto, que são necessários mais estudos de modo a aprofundar a caracterização desta bebida "tradicional".

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          Experimental Designs Balanced for the Estimation of Residual Effects of Treatments

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            Antimycobacterial terpenoids from Juniperus communis L. (Cuppressaceae).

            Juniperus communis is a plant which has been reported as a traditional cure for tuberculosis (TB) and other respiratory diseases. The aim of this study was to isolate and identify the constituents responsible for the activity of the n-hexane extract of Juniperus communis roots against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv and Juniperus communis aerial parts against Mycobacterium aurum. Subsequently, it was to evaluate the activity of the pure isolated compounds against (i) drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis variants, (ii) non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis and (iii) a range of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM). The antimycobacterial activity of Juniperus communis extracts, fractions and constituents was determined against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv, and against rifampicin-, isoniazid-, streptomycin- and moxifloxacin-resistant variants, using the microplate broth Alamar Blue assay (MABA) method. Isolated constituents were tested against non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv, using the low oxygen recovery assay (LORA), and against NTM (Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium phlei, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium smegmatis), using a broth microdilution method. Cytotoxicity studies were performed using mammalian Vero cells. The antimycobacterial activity of Juniperus communis was attributed to a sesquiterpene identified as longifolene (1) and two diterpenes, characterised as totarol (2) and trans-communic acid (3). All compounds were identified following analysis of their spectroscopic data (1D- and 2D-NMR, MS) and by comparison with the literature and commercial authentic standards when available. Revised assignments for 3 are reported. Totarol showed the best activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv (MIC of 73.7 microM). It was also most active against the isoniazid-, streptomycin-, and moxifloxacin-resistant variants (MIC of 38.4, 83.4 and 60 microM, respectively). Longifolene and totarol were most active against the rifampicin-resistant variant (MICs of 24 and 20.2 microM, respectively). Totarol showed the best activity in the LORA assay (MIC of 81.3 microM) and against all NTM species (MICs in the range of 7-14 microM). Trans-communic acid showed good activity against Mycobacterium aurum (MIC of 13.2 microM). The low selectivity indices (SI) obtained following cytotoxicity studies indicated that the isolated terpenoids were relatively toxic towards mammalian cells. This is the first report of the isolation of (1) and (2) from Juniperus communis roots, and of (3) from the aerial parts. The antimycobacterial activity of (1) and (3), and the activity of (2) against Mycobacterium aurum, Mycobacterium fortuitum and Mycobacterium phlei, is reported for the first time. The effect of totarol on drug-resistant variants and non-replicating Mycobacterium tuberculosis has never been published. The presence of antimycobacterial terpenoids in Juniperus communis aerial parts and roots justifies, to some extent, the ethnomedicinal use of this species as a traditional anti-TB remedy.
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              Chemical composition of the essential oils of Juniperus from ripe and unripe berries and leaves and their antimicrobial activity.

              The composition of the essential oil from ripe and unripe berries and leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus L. ssp. oxycedrus, Juniperus phoenicea ssp. turbinata and Juniperus communis ssp. communis was analyzed by GC-MS, and microbiological assays were carried out. Samples were collected in different localities (Sardinia, Italy) and hydro distilled. The yields ranged between 2.54% +/- 0.21 (v\w dried weight) and 0.04% +/- 0.00. A total of 36 components were identified. The major compounds in the essential oils were alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, delta-3-carene, sabinene, myrcene, beta-phellandrene, limonene, and D-germacrene. Both qualitative and quantitative differences between species and between different parts of the plant were observed. The essential oils and their major compounds were tested against Candida albicans, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration were determined. The results obtained led to a nonsignificant inhibitory effect, although all the essential oils from Juniperus phoenicea ssp. turbinata and the essential oil from leaves of Juniperus oxycedrus ssp. oxycedrus exhibited rather good or weak activity against Candida albicans and Staphylococcus aureus.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ctv
                Ciência e Técnica Vitivinícola
                Ciência Téc. Vitiv.
                INIAV - DOIS PORTOS (Ex-Estação Vitivinícola Nacional) (Dois Portos )
                0254-0223
                December 2013
                : 28
                : 2
                : 59-69
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Politécnico de Castelo Branco Portugal
                [2 ] Universidade de Lisboa Portugal
                [3 ] Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária Portugal
                [4 ] Universidade de Évora Portugal
                Article
                S0254-02232013000200003
                6d49b1a6-c4d9-432f-b7ae-1736abd97f7b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Portugal

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.mec.pt/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0254-0223&lng=en
                Categories
                FOOD SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

                Food science & Technology
                zimbro,aguardente,análise sensorial descritiva,caracterização físico-química,‘Aguardente de zimbro’,juniper,spirit,descriptive sensory analysis,physicochemical characterisation,Aguardente de zimbro

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