23
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    0
    shares
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Article: found
      Is Open Access

      Thyroid Function of Pregnant Women and Perinatal Outcomes in North Macedonia Translated title: Função tireoidiana de mulheres grávidas e resultados perinatais na Macedônia do Norte

      research-article

      Read this article at

      ScienceOpenPublisherPMC
      Bookmark
          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Objective  Thyroid diseases are the second most common endocrine disorders in the reproductive period of women. They can be associated with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), preterm delivery, low Apgar score, low birthweight (LBW) or fetal death. The aim of the present study is to explore thyroid dysfunction and its relationship with some poor perinatal outcomes (Apgar Score, low birthweight, and preterm delivery).

          Methods  Dried blood spot samples from 358 healthy pregnant women were analyzed for thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), total thyroxine (TT4), and thyroglobulin (Tg). Neonatal data were collected upon delivery. Four groups were formed based on thyroid function tests (TFTs).

          Results  Of the 358 tested women, 218 (60.72%) were euthyroid. Isolated hypothyroxinemia was present in 132 women (36.76%), subclinical hyperthyroidism in 7 women (1.94%), and overt hypothyroidism in 1 (0.28%). The perinatal outcomes IUGR ( p  = 0.028) and Apgar score 1 minute ( p  = 0.015) were significantly different between thyroid function test [TFT]-distinct groups. In the multiple regression analysis, TT4 showed a statistically significant inverse predictive impact on LBW ( p  < 0.0001), but a positive impact of Tg on LBW ( p  = 0.0351).

          Conclusion  Thyroid hormones alone do not have a direct impact on neonatal outcomes, but the percentage of their participation in the total process cannot be neglected. Based on the regression analysis, we can conclude that TT4 and Tg can be used as predictors of neonatal outcome, expressed through birthweight and Apgar score. The present study aims to contribute to determine whether a test for thyroid status should become routine screening during pregnancy.

          Resumo

          Objetivo  As doenças da tireoide são as segundas doenças endócrinas mais comuns no período reprodutivo das mulheres. Elas podem estar associadas à restrição de crescimento intrauterino (RCIU), parto prematuro, baixo índice de Apgar, baixo peso ao nascer (BPN) ou morte fetal. O objetivo do presente estudo é explorar a disfunção tireoidiana e sua relação com alguns resultados perinatais insatisfatórios (índice de Apgar, baixo peso ao nascer e parto prematuro).

          Métodos  Amostras secas de sangue em 358 gestantes saudáveis foram analisadas para hormônio estimulador da tireoide (TSH), tiroxina total (TT4) e tireoglobulina (Tg). Os dados neonatais foram coletados no momento do parto. Quatro grupos foram formados com base em testes de função tireoidiana (TFT).

          Resultados  Das 358 mulheres testadas, 218 (60,72%) eram eutireoidianas. Hipotiroxinemia isolada estava presente em 132 mulheres (36,76%), hipertireoidismo subclínico em 7 mulheres (1,94%) e hipotireoidismo evidente em 1 (0,28%). Os resultados perinatais RCIU ( p  = 0,028) e índice de Apgar de 1 minuto ( p  = 0,015) foram significativamente diferentes entre os grupos distintos de TFT. Na análise de regressão múltipla, TT4 mostrou impacto preditivo inverso estatisticamente significativo no BPN ( p  < 0,0001), mas impacto positivo da Tg no BPN ( p  = 0,0351).

          Conclusão  Isoladamente, os hormônios tireoidianos não têm impacto direto no desfecho neonatal, mas o percentual de sua participação no processo total não pode ser desprezado. Com base na análise de regressão, podemos concluir que TT4 e Tg podem ser usados como preditores do resultado neonatal, expressos por meio do peso ao nascer e do índice de Apgar. O presente estudo tem como objetivo contribuir para que um teste para verificar o estado da tireoide deva se tornar um rastreamento de rotina durante a gravidez.

          Related collections

          Most cited references22

          • Record: found
          • Abstract: found
          • Article: not found

          2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the Diagnosis and Management of Thyroid Disease During Pregnancy and the Postpartum.

          Thyroid disease in pregnancy is a common clinical problem. Since the guidelines for the management of these disorders by the American Thyroid Association (ATA) were first published in 2011, significant clinical and scientific advances have occurred in the field. The aim of these guidelines is to inform clinicians, patients, researchers, and health policy makers on published evidence relating to the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease in women during pregnancy, preconception, and the postpartum period.
            Bookmark
            • Record: found
            • Abstract: found
            • Article: not found

            Subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes.

            Clinical thyroid dysfunction has been associated with pregnancy complications such as hypertension, preterm birth, low birth weight, placental abruption, and fetal death. The relationship between subclinical hypothyroidism and pregnancy outcomes has not been well studied. We undertook this prospective thyroid screening study to evaluate pregnancy outcomes in women with elevated thyrotropin (thyroid-stimulating hormone, TSH) and normal free thyroxine levels. All women who presented to Parkland Hospital for prenatal care between November 1, 2000, and April 14, 2003, had thyroid screening using a chemiluminescent TSH assay. Women with TSH values at or above the 97.5th percentile for gestational age at screening and with free thyroxine more than 0.680 ng/dL were retrospectively identified with subclinical hypothyroidism. Pregnancy outcomes were compared with those in pregnant women with normal TSH values between the 5th and 95th percentiles. A total of 25,756 women underwent thyroid screening and were delivered of a singleton infant. There were 17,298 (67%) women enrolled for prenatal care at 20 weeks of gestation or less, and 404 (2.3%) of these were considered to have subclinical hypothyroidism. Pregnancies in women with subclinical hypothyroidism were 3 times more likely to be complicated by placental abruption (relative risk 3.0, 95% confidence interval 1.1-8.2). Preterm birth, defined as delivery at or before 34 weeks of gestation, was almost 2-fold higher in women with subclinical hypothyroidism (relative risk, 1.8, 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.9). We speculate that the previously reported reduction in intelligence quotient of offspring of women with subclinical hypothyroidism may be related to the effects of prematurity. II-2.
              Bookmark
              • Record: found
              • Abstract: not found
              • Article: not found

              Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum.

                Bookmark

                Author and article information

                Journal
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                Rev Bras Ginecol Obstet
                10.1055/s-00030576
                RBGO Gynecology & Obstetrics
                Thieme Revinter Publicações Ltda. (Rua do Matoso 170, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, CEP 20270-135, Brazil )
                0100-7203
                1806-9339
                16 November 2021
                October 2021
                1 November 2021
                : 43
                : 10
                : 736-742
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Clinical Hospital “Dr. Trifun Panovski” - Bitola, Partizanska nn, North Macedonia
                [2 ]Departement Gesundheitswissenschaften und Technologie, Institute for Social Innovation, Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
                [3 ]National Committee for Iodine Deficiency, Ministry of Health, Skopje, North Macedonia
                [4 ]Laboratory of Human Nutrition, Institute of Food, Nutrition and Health, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
                [5 ]Institute of Pathophysiology and Nuclear Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
                [6 ]University Clinic of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
                [7 ]Department for Fetal Screening and Perinatal Medicine, Danat al Emarat Hospital for Women and Children, Abu Dhabi, Emirate of Abu Dhabi
                [8 ]Department of Nephrology, University Clinic of Nephrology, Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University Skopje, Skopje, North Macedonia
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence Maja Avramovska, MD, PhD Filip Vtori Makedonski 37/4/26, BitolaNorth Macedonia dr.avramovska@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1129-1205
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1596-9036
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2664-8919
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8589-4389
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9958-9270
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6783-9191
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1563-7560
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7011-9205
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5521-4685
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7181-455X
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-7241
                Article
                200495
                10.1055/s-0041-1736172
                10183913
                34784629
                6d781ac4-a634-4e33-a907-79557e88ecfa
                Federação Brasileira de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia. This is an open access article published by Thieme under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, permitting unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction so long as the original work is properly cited. ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 04 December 2020
                : 09 August 2021
                Categories
                Original Article
                Obstetrics

                thyroid stimulating hormone,total thyroxine,thyroglobulin,perinatal outcomes,low birth weight,hormônio estimulante da tireoide,tiroxina total,tireoglobulina,resultados perinatais,baixo peso de nascimento

                Comments

                Comment on this article