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      Efecto del etiquetado frontal de advertencia de alimentos y bebidas. La experiencia de otros países de América Latina Translated title: Effect of food and drink warning front labeling. The experience of other Latin American countries

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          Abstract

          Resumen Introducción. En México se ha propuesto una serie de estrategias para la prevención y control de la obesidad, como el etiquetado frontal de advertencia, aprobado con la modificación a la NOM 051. Algunos países de América Latina como Chile y Ecuador ya han implementado etiquetados resumidos y simplificados sobre nutrientes relevantes para la salud. Objetivo. Describir la información disponible acerca de los efectos en la elección, compra y consumo de alimentos y bebidas procesadas, posterior a la implementación de un etiquetado nutrimental de advertencia en Chile y Ecuador. Material y métodos. Revisión sistémica en las bases de datos Medline, Pubmed, NCBI, Crossref, Scielo, Redalyc, buscador web y Google Académico. Las palabras claves fueron: etiquetado nutrimental, etiquetado de advertencia y semaforización de alimentos. La búsqueda se realizó en español e inglés. Resultados. Se encontró que existe buena comprensión y aceptabilidad de los sistemas de etiquetado de advertencia, sin embargo, los individuos con mayor nivel socioeconómico y educativo tienen una mayor predisposición a elegir productos más saludables, de igual manera en la elección de un alimento interfieren otros factores como la edad, las preferencias y el precio del producto. Por otro lado, el etiquetado de advertencia octogonal de Chile brinda resultados más favorables en comparación con el etiquetado de semáforo de Ecuador. Conclusiones. Este estudio permite describir un ligero panorama de las expectativas para México, posterior a la entrada en vigor de la modificación de la NOM 051 y muestra que, a pesar de brindar resultados favorables, requerirá estrategias adicionales para reforzar su efecto, esto evitaría resultados negativos.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract In Mexico, a series of strategies for the prevention and control of obesity have been proposed, such as the frontal warning labeling, approved with the amendment to NOM 051. Some Latin American countries such as Chile and Ecuador have already implemented simplified and summary labels. on nutrients relevant to health. Aim. Describe the available information about the effects on the choice, purchase and consumption of processed foods and beverages, after the implementation of a nutritional warning label in Chile and Ecuador. Material and methods. Systemic review in the Medline, Pubmed, NCBI, Crossref, Scielo, Redalyc, web search and Google Scholar databases. The key words were: nutritional labeling, warning labeling and food traffic lights. The search was conducted in Spanish and English. Results. It was found that there is a good understanding and acceptability of warning labeling systems, however, individuals with a higher socioeconomic and educational level have a greater predisposition to choose healthier products, in the same way in the choice of a food other factors interfere, such as the age, preferences and price of the product. On the other hand, Chile's octagonal warning labeling provides more favorable results compared to Ecuador's traffic light labeling. Conclusions. This study allows describing a slight overview of expectations for Mexico, after the entry into force of the modification of NOM 051 and shows that, despite providing favorable results, it will require additional strategies to reinforce its effect, this would avoid negative results.

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          An evaluation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising on sugar-sweetened beverage purchases from 2015 to 2017: A before-and-after study

          Background Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising, implemented in 2016, was the first national regulation to jointly mandate front-of-package warning labels, restrict child-directed marketing, and ban sales in schools of all foods and beverages containing added sugars, sodium, or saturated fats that exceed set nutrient or calorie thresholds. The objective of this study is to evaluate the impact of this package of policies on household beverage purchases. Method and findings In this observational study, monthly longitudinal data on packaged beverage purchases were collected from urban-dwelling households (n = 2,383) participating in the Kantar WordPanel Chile Survey from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2017. Beverage purchases were linked to nutritional information at the product level, reviewed by a team of nutritionists, and categorized as “high-in” or “not high-in” according to whether they contained high levels of nutrients of concern (i.e., sugars, sodium, saturated fat, or energy) according to Chilean nutrient thresholds and were thus subject to the law’s warning label, marketing restriction, and school sales ban policies. The majority of high-in beverages were categorized as such because of high sugar content. We used fixed-effects models to compare the observed volume as well as calorie and sugar content of postregulation beverage purchases to a counterfactual based on preregulation trends, overall and by household-head educational attainment. Of households included in the study, 37% of household heads had low education (less than high school), 40% had medium education (graduated high school), and 23% had high education (graduated college), with the sample becoming more educated over the study period. Compared to the counterfactual, the volume of high-in beverage purchases decreased 22.8 mL/capita/day, postregulation (95% confidence interval [CI] −22.9 to −22.7; p < 0.001), or 23.7% (95% CI −23.8% to −23.7%). High-educated and low-educated households showed similar absolute reductions in high-in beverage purchases (approximately 27 mL/capita/day; p < 0.001), but for high-educated households this amounted to a larger relative decline (−28.7%, 95% CI −28.8% to −28.6%) compared to low-educated households (−21.5%, 95% CI −21.6% to −21.4%), likely because of the high-educated households’ lower level of high-in beverage purchases in the preregulation period. Calories from high-in beverage purchases decreased 11.9 kcal/capita/day (95% CI −12.0 to −11.9; p < 0.001) or 27.5% (95% CI −27.6% to −27.5%). Calories purchased from beverages classified as “not high-in” increased 5.7 kcal/capita/day (95% CI 5.7–5.7; p < 0.001), or 10.8% (10.8%–10.8%). Calories from total beverage purchases decreased 7.4 kcal/capita/day (95% CI −7.4 to −7.3; p < 0.001), or 7.5% (95% CI −7.6% to −7.5%). A key limitation of this study is the inability to assess causality because of its observational nature. We also cannot determine whether observed changes in purchases are due to reformulation or consumer behavioral change, nor can we parse out the effects of the labeling, marketing, and school sales ban policies. Conclusions Purchases of high-in beverages significantly declined following implementation of Chile’s Law of Food Labeling and Advertising; these reductions were larger than those observed from single, standalone policies, including sugar-sweetened-beverage taxes previously implemented in Latin America. Future research should evaluate the effects of Chile’s policies on purchases of high-in foods, dietary intake, and long-term purchasing changes.
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            “Responses to the Chilean law of food labeling and advertising: exploring knowledge, perceptions and behaviors of mothers of young children”

            Background In line with calls for action from international health organizations, Chile implemented in June 2016 a set of regulations to tackle the obesity epidemic. The new regulation includes the mandatory use of front-of-package warning labels on packaged foods/beverages high in energy, sugars, saturated fats and sodium. Additionally, such foods cannot be sold nor offered in daycares/schools and cannot be promoted to children under 14yo. The law is targeted to children; thus, this study examined mothers’ understanding, perceptions, and behaviors associated with the regulation one year after its implementation, using a qualitative approach. Methods Nine focus groups of mothers (7–10 people each) of children (2-14yo) were conducted in July 2017 in Santiago-Chile. They were stratified by socioeconomic status (SES) and children’s age. Macrocodes were developed by three researchers, combining an iterative process of deductive and inductive thematic analyses. Quotations representing each category were selected. Results Mothers understood the new regulation as a policy to fight child obesity and were aware that products with more labels were less healthy than products with fewer labels. Attention and use of labels in the buying decision-making process ranged from participants who did not pay attention to others who relied on them as a quick shortcut (mostly from middle and upper-SES); many mothers indicated changing their purchase habits only when buying new products. Mothers declared that young children accepted school environment changes while teens/preteens resisted them more. Many mothers agreed that schools have become key promoters of food behavioral change. Mothers were less aware about the food marketing regulations. Mothers declared that they perceived that the regulation was changing the perceptions, attitudes and behaviors toward healthier eating patterns. Conclusion After the first year of implementation, the regulation was well known by mothers of diverse SES and different children ages. The degree of use of warning labels was heterogeneous among participants, but most of them agreed that their children, particularly the youngest have positive attitudes toward the regulation and have become promoters of change in their families. Many mothers also expressed that they perceived an important shift toward healthier eating, which may lead to a change in eating social norms. This information contributes to better understand how regulatory actions may influence people’s consumer behaviors.
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              Development of the Chilean front-of-package food warning label

              Background Front-of package (FoP) nutrition labels are an option to guide consumer’s decision at the point of food purchase. Chile was the first country worldwide to implement a FoP warning label and thereafter several countries have followed this model. The objective of this study is to describe the process of development of the Chilean FoP warning label. Methods A stepwise study was conducted including literature review, qualitative phase (lay audience & expert group meetings) and quantitative phase in women/adolescents from low-middle-socioeconomic status neighborhoods, Santiago, Chile (2 sub-studies, using point-of-sale questionnaires). Outcomes were prototype visualization, ease of understanding, and ability to modify purchase behavior. Results The literature review and qualitative phase provided information on general text (e.g. short wording) and design characteristics (e.g. use of a logo, use of red or black colors); based on these characteristics 15 prototypes were created and quantitatively tested. In the first survey, a black-&-white stop sign and a black-&-white hand were preselected; in the second survey, the stop sign stating ‘Excess of ’ had significantly better performance than the hand in terms of visualization, intention to purchase, and ability to modify intended purchase. Due to legal reasons the “excess of” was replaced by “high-in” in the final implementation of the law. Conclusions A simple black-&-white stop sign warning label was the best option to flag pre-packaged foods with an excess of energy or nutrients of concern for non-communicable diseases; this FoP warning label was implemented in Chile in June 2016 as part of the Chilean Food Labeling and Marketing Law. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12889-019-7118-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                jonnpr
                Journal of Negative and No Positive Results
                JONNPR
                Research and Science S.L. (Madrid, Madrid, Spain )
                2529-850X
                2021
                : 6
                : 7
                : 977-990
                Affiliations
                [1] Pachuca Hidalgo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud Mexico
                [3] Pachuca Hidalgo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Medicina Mexico
                [2] Pachuca Hidalgo orgnameUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de Hidalgo orgdiv1Instituto de Ciencias de la Salud orgdiv2Departamento de Nutrición Mexico
                Article
                S2529-850X2021000700977 S2529-850X(21)00600700977
                10.19230/jonnpr.4176
                6d7c05ae-67a8-47a4-884f-582c878623ae

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 22 December 2020
                : 22 March 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 24, Pages: 14
                Product

                SciELO Spain

                Categories
                Revisión

                obesity and overweight,food traffic lights,warning labeling,nutritional,front food labeling,obesidad y sobrepeso,semaforización de alimentos,etiquetado de advertencia,nutrimental,etiquetado frontal de alimentos

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