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      Sleep and Metabolism: An Overview

      review-article
      Author(s): * ,
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: International Journal of Endocrinology
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          Sleep and its disorders are increasingly becoming important in our sleep deprived society. Sleep is intricately connected to various hormonal and metabolic processes in the body and is important in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. Research shows that sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may have profound metabolic and cardiovascular implications. Sleep deprivation, sleep disordered breathing, and circadian misalignment are believed to cause metabolic dysregulation through myriad pathways involving sympathetic overstimulation, hormonal imbalance, and subclinical inflammation. This paper reviews sleep and metabolism, and how sleep deprivation and sleep disorders may be altering human metabolism.

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          Early life risk factors for obesity in childhood: cohort study.

          John J Reilly, Julie Armstrong, Ahmad R Dorosty … (2005)
          To identify risk factors in early life (up to 3 years of age) for obesity in children in the United Kingdom. Prospective cohort study. Avon longitudinal study of parents and children, United Kingdom. 8234 children in cohort aged 7 years and a subsample of 909 children (children in focus) with data on additional early growth related risk factors for obesity. Obesity at age 7 years, defined as a body mass index (3) 95th centile relative to reference data for the UK population in 1990. Eight of 25 putative risk factors were associated with a risk of obesity in the final models: parental obesity (both parents: adjusted odds ratio, 10.44, 95% confidence interval 5.11 to 21.32), very early (by 43 months) body mass index or adiposity rebound (15.00, 5.32 to 42.30), more than eight hours spent watching television per week at age 3 years (1.55, 1.13 to 2.12), catch-up growth (2.60, 1.09 to 6.16), standard deviation score for weight at age 8 months (3.13, 1.43 to 6.85) and 18 months (2.65, 1.25 to 5.59); weight gain in first year (1.06, 1.02 to 1.10 per 100 g increase); birth weight, per 100 g (1.05, 1.03 to 1.07); and short (< 10.5 hours) sleep duration at age 3 years (1.45, 1.10 to 1.89). Eight factors in early life are associated with an increased risk of obesity in childhood.
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            Mortality associated with sleep duration and insomnia.

            Daniel F. Kripke, Lawrence Garfinkel, Deborah L. Wingard … (2002)
            Patients often complain about insufficient sleep or chronic insomnia in the belief that they need 8 hours of sleep. Treatment strategies may be guided by what sleep durations predict optimal survival and whether insomnia might signal mortality risks. In 1982, the Cancer Prevention Study II of the American Cancer Society asked participants about their sleep duration and frequency of insomnia. Cox proportional hazards survival models were computed to determine whether sleep duration or frequency of insomnia was associated with excess mortality up to 1988, controlling simultaneously for demographics, habits, health factors, and use of various medications. Participants were more than 1.1 million men and women from 30 to 102 years of age. The best survival was found among those who slept 7 hours per night. Participants who reported sleeping 8 hours or more experienced significantly increased mortality hazard, as did those who slept 6 hours or less. The increased risk exceeded 15% for those reporting more than 8.5 hours sleep or less than 3.5 or 4.5 hours. In contrast, reports of "insomnia" were not associated with excess mortality hazard. As previously described, prescription sleeping pill use was associated with significantly increased mortality after control for reported sleep durations and insomnia. Patients can be reassured that short sleep and insomnia seem associated with little risk distinct from comorbidities. Slight risks associated with 8 or more hours of sleep and sleeping pill use need further study. Causality is unproven.
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              Effect of sleep loss on C-reactive protein, an inflammatory marker of cardiovascular risk.

              Hans Meier-Ewert, Paul Ridker, Nader Rifai … (2004)
              We sought to investigate the effects of sleep loss on high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP are predictive of future cardiovascular morbidity. In epidemiologic studies, short sleep duration and sleep complaints have also been associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity. Two studies were undertaken to examine the effect of acute total and short-term partial sleep deprivation on concentrations of high-sensitivity CRP in healthy human subjects. In Experiment 1, 10 healthy adult subjects stayed awake for 88 continuous hours. Samples of high-sensitivity CRP were collected every 90 min for 5 consecutive days, encompassing the vigil. In Experiment 2, 10 subjects were randomly assigned to either 8.2 h (control) or 4.2 h (partial sleep deprivation) of nighttime sleep for 10 consecutive days. Hourly samples of high-sensitivity CRP were taken during a baseline night and on day 10 of the study protocol. The CRP concentrations increased during both total and partial sleep deprivation conditions, but remained stable in the control condition. Systolic blood pressure increased across deprivation in Experiment 1, and heart rate increased in Experiment 2. Both acute total and short-term partial sleep deprivation resulted in elevated high-sensitivity CRP concentrations, a stable marker of inflammation that has been shown to be predictive of cardiovascular morbidity. We propose that sleep loss may be one of the ways that inflammatory processes are activated and contribute to the association of sleep complaints, short sleep duration, and cardiovascular morbidity observed in epidemiologic surveys.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Int J Endocrinol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): IJE
                Title: International Journal of Endocrinology
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 1687-8337
                ISSN (Electronic): 1687-8345
                Publication date (Print): 2010
                Publication date (Electronic): 2 August 2010
                Volume: 2010
                Electronic Location Identifier: 270832
                Affiliations
                Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Brody School of Medicine, Greenville, 27834 NC, USA
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Jessica A. Mong

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2010/270832
                PMC ID: 2929498
                PubMed ID: 20811596
                SO-VID: 6dd81ebb-4acb-404d-bc96-f68565fecfa7
                Copyright © Copyright © 2010 S. Sharma and M. Kavuru.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 29 September 2009
                Date revision received : 2 February 2010
                Date accepted : 28 April 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Endocrinology & Diabetes

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