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      Recent Developments in Halogen Free Flame Retardants for Epoxy Resins for Electrical and Electronic Applications

      review-article
      Author(s): , , *
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Materials
      Publisher: MDPI
      Keywords: epoxy, fire retardant, phosphorus, printed wiring boards, composites

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          Abstract

          The recent implementation of new environmental legislations led to a change in the manufacturing of composites that has repercussions on printed wiring boards (PWB). This in turn led to alternate processing methods (e.g., lead-free soldering), which affected the required physical and chemical properties of the additives used to impart flame retardancy. This review will discuss the latest advancements in phosphorus containing flame retardants for electrical and electronic (EE) applications and compare them with commercially available ones. The mechanism of degradation and flame retardancy of phosphorus flame retardants in epoxy resins will also be discussed.

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          Developmental neurotoxicity of polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants.

          Gennaro Giordano, Pietra L. Costa (2007)
          Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are a class of flame retardants used in a variety of consumer products. In the past 25 years, PBDEs have become ubiquitous environmental contaminants. They have been detected in soil, air, sediments, birds, marine species, fish, house dust, and human tissues, blood and breast milk. Diet and house dust appear to be the major sources of PBDE exposure in the general population, though occupational exposure can also occur. Levels of PBDEs in human tissues are particularly high in North America, compared to Asian and European countries, and have been increasing in the past 30 years. Concentrations of PBDEs are particularly high in breast milk, resulting in high exposure of infants. In addition, for toddlers, dust has been estimated to account for a large percentage of exposure. PBDEs can also cross the placenta, as they have been detected in fetal blood and liver. Tetra-, penta- and hexaBDEs are most commonly present in human tissues. The current greatest concern for potential adverse effects of PBDEs relates to their developmental neurotoxicity. Pre- or postnatal exposure of mice or rats to various PBDEs has been shown to cause long-lasting changes in spontaneous motor activity, mostly characterized as hyperactivity or decreased habituation, and to disrupt performance in learning and memory tests. While a reduction in circulating thyroid hormone (T(4)) may contribute to the developmental neurotoxicity of PBDEs, direct effects on the developing brain have also been reported. Among these, PBDEs have been shown to affect signal transduction pathways and to cause oxidative stress. Levels of PBDEs causing developmental neurotoxicity in animals are not much dissimilar from levels found in highly exposed infants and toddlers.
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            Flame retardancy mechanisms of aluminium phosphinate in combination with melamine polyphosphate and zinc borate in glass-fibre reinforced polyamide 6,6

            Ulrike Braun, Bernhard Schartel, Mario A. Fichera … (2007)
            Article 0 comments Cited 75 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Flame retardant aircraft epoxy resins containing phosphorus

              Richard E. Lyon, John W. Connell, Joseph G Smith … (2005)
              Article 0 comments Cited 49 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Materials (Basel)
                Journal ID (publisher-id): materials
                Title: Materials
                Publisher: MDPI
                ISSN (Electronic): 1996-1944
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 August 2010
                Publication date Collection: August 2010
                Volume: 3
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 4300-4327
                Affiliations
                Institute of Technical Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany; E-Mails: muriel.rakotomalala@ 123456kit.edu (M.R.); sebastian.wagner@ 123456kit.edu (S.W.)
                Author notes
                [* ]Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: manfred.doering@ 123456kit.edu ; Tel.: +49-7247-82-4385; Fax: +49-7247-82-2244.
                Article
                Publisher ID: materials-03-04300
                DOI: 10.3390/ma3084300
                PMC ID: 5445825
                PubMed ID: 28883331
                SO-VID: 6f7251f4-8833-4ca7-9a9e-38e4785062fc
                Copyright © © 2010 by the authors.
                License:

                Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution license ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

                History
                Date received : 02 July 2010
                Date revision received : 04 August 2010
                Date accepted : 06 August 2010
                Categories
                Subject: Review

                Keywords: epoxy,fire retardant,phosphorus, printed wiring boards,composites
                Data availability:
                Keywords: epoxy, fire retardant, phosphorus, printed wiring boards, composites

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