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      Unravelling the risk factors that underlie laryngeal surgery in elderly Translated title: Svelare i fattori di rischio che sottendono la chirurgia laringea negli anziani

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          SUMMARY

          Older patients are not considered good candidates to undergo more challenging therapeutic treatments, e.g. highly invasive surgery and complex chemotherapy. However, their exclusion from standard therapeutic options is not justifiable. Herein, we reviewed 212 patients aged ≥ 70, affected with laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma, and treated with transoral laser microsurgery or open neck (partial / total) laryngectomy with radical intent. The main aim was to compare patient outcomes to identify predictive factors that can be used by surgeons to choose the most appropriate treatment option. In our cohort, patients affected with more advanced tumour and hence treated by invasive open neck surgeries (above all TL) are more prone to develop complications and undergo fatal outcome than those with early disease treated by laser microsurgery, independently of age at surgery. In conclusion, elderly patients affected by laryngeal cancer can be treated similarly to younger patients, keeping in mind that more invasive surgeries are associated with a higher risk of developing complications. The advantages of mini-invasive surgery make it a possible first choice treatment in very old and frail patients suffering from laryngeal cancer, especially considering the recent success in treatment of some advanced stage tumours. Furthermore, comorbidities, by themselves, should not be used as exclusion criteria for subjecting an elderly patient to a different treatment that is from standard therapy.

          RIASSUNTO

          I pazienti anziani non sono generalmente considerati buoni candidati per trattamenti terapeutici impegnativi, quali ad esempio la chirurgia molto invasiva e i complessi trattamenti radio-chemioterapici. Ma la loro esclusione dalle opzioni terapeutiche standard non sembrerebbe essere del tutto giustificabile. Nel presente lavoro abbiamo esaminato 212 pazienti di età ≥ 70 anni, affetti da carcinoma squamoso della laringe, trattati chirurgicamente con diverse opzioni terapeutiche: laserchirurgia transorale o chirurgia a cielo aperto (laringectomia parziale e/o totale). L'obiettivo principale era quello di confrontare i risultati, al fine di identificare fattori predittivi utili al chirurgo per scegliere la modalità di trattamento più opportuna. Nella presente coorte, i pazienti affetti da tumore più avanzato e quindi sottoposti a interventi chirurgici a cielo aperto (soprattutto laringectomia totale) risultano maggiormente inclini a sviluppare complicanze, andando incontro a esito fatale, rispetto a quelli con malattia precoce trattati con microchirurgia laser indipendentemente dall' età al tempo dell'intervento chirurgico. In conclusione, i pazienti anziani affetti da cancro della laringe possono essere trattati come i pazienti più giovani, tenendo presente che interventi chirurgici più invasivi determinano un maggior rischio di complicanze. I vantaggi della chirurgia mininvasiva in termini di basso numero di complicanze tendono a renderla interessante come possibile trattamento di prima scelta nei pazienti molto anziani e fragili, anche in casi più avanzati. Infine le comorbidità, di per sé, non rappresentano una giustificazione per sottoporre gli anziani a trattamenti differenti da quelli standard.

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          Most cited references34

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          World Population Prospects: The 2008 Revision

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            Evidence-based review of treatment options for patients with glottic cancer.

            Evidence-based medicine integrates the best available data in decision making, with the goal of minimizing physicians' and patients' subjectivity. In 2006, the American Society of Clinical Oncology edited clinical practice guidelines for the use of larynx preservation strategies. The objective of this review was to evaluate the current levels of evidence for glottic squamous cell carcinoma. Current guidelines for early stage glottic cancer are based on low-level evidence. Conservation surgery (open or transoral) and radiation therapy are all valid options for T1 and selected T2 lesions. For advanced lesions, surgery and combined chemotherapy and radiation are options. High-level evidence favors combined chemotherapy and radiation therapy or altered fractionation radiation therapy as nonsurgical strategies for organ preservation, compared with radiation therapy alone. The optimal combination of chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and radiation therapy remains to be demonstrated, however, and for high-volume tumors, total laryngectomy may still be warranted. Copyright © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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              The role of laser microsurgery in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.

              Transoral laser microsurgery has developed in recent years into a surgical method that combines a minimally invasive approach with the surgical precision of laser and microscope. The outcomes of laser microsurgical treatment of laryngeal carcinomas are reviewed and compared with the results of competitive standard procedures. Laser microsurgery is widely acknowledged to have advantages in the treatment of early glottic carcinoma. In the treatment of glottic carcinoma causing impaired mobility or fixation of the vocal cord the role of laser surgery has not yet been definitively assessed. Based on published results, primary laser therapy can achieve local tumor control with a functional residual larynx in approximately 70-80% of cases. In patients with early or moderately advanced supraglottic carcinoma, laser microsurgery is comparable to open supraglottic laryngectomy in terms of local control and survival. With regard to organ preservation, laser microsurgery is comparable to open supraglottic laryngectomy but superior to radiotherapy. Microsurgery can preserve functionally important structures, allowing for early swallowing rehabilitation while avoiding tracheotomy. This review elucidates the role of laser microsurgical partial resections of the larynx in comparison with other treatment modalities.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Acta Otorhinolaryngol Ital
                Pacini
                Acta Otorhinolaryngologica Italica
                Pacini Editore SRL
                0392-100X
                1827-675X
                June 2016
                : 36
                : 3
                : 185-193
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Head and Neck Service, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, Candiolo (TO), Italy;
                [2 ]Otorhinolaryngology Service, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Italy;
                [3 ]Otorhinolaryngology Service, Policlinico di Modena Hospital, University of Modena, Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Modena, Italy;
                [4 ]Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Italy
                Author notes
                Erika Crosetti, Head and Neck Service, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO IRCCS, strada Provinciale 142, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy. Tel. + 39 011 9933663. Fax + 39 011 9933408. E-mail: erikacro73@ 123456yahoo.com
                Article
                Pacini
                10.14639/0392-100X-817
                4977005
                27214829
                6f744729-2d67-462b-97af-9760daeac74c
                © Copyright by Società Italiana di Otorinolaringologia e Chirurgia Cervico-Facciale, Rome, Italy

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives License, which permits for noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any digital medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not altered in any way. For details, please refer to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/

                History
                : 19 August 2015
                : 10 January 2016
                Categories
                Laryngology

                Otolaryngology
                transoral laser microsurgery,open partial laryngectomy,supracricoid partial laryngectomy,total laryngectomy,laryngeal cancer,elderly

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