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      Nanomedicine for increasing the oral bioavailability of cancer treatments

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          Oral administration is an appealing route of delivering cancer treatments. However, the gastrointestinal tract is characterized by specific and efficient physical, chemical, and biological barriers that decrease the bioavailability of medications, including chemotherapeutics. In recent decades, the fields of material science and nanomedicine have generated several delivery platforms with high potential for overcoming multiple barriers associated to oral administration. This review describes the properties of several nanodelivery systems that improve the bioavailability of orally administered therapeutics, highlighting their advantages and disadvantages in generating successful anticancer oral nanomedicines.

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          Most cited references135

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          Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota.

          Animals assemble and maintain a diverse but host-specific gut microbial community. In addition to characteristic microbial compositions along the longitudinal axis of the intestines, discrete bacterial communities form in microhabitats, such as the gut lumen, colonic mucus layers and colonic crypts. In this Review, we examine how the spatial distribution of symbiotic bacteria among physical niches in the gut affects the development and maintenance of a resilient microbial ecosystem. We consider novel hypotheses for how nutrient selection, immune activation and other mechanisms control the biogeography of bacteria in the gut, and we discuss the relevance of this spatial heterogeneity to health and disease.
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            Dysbiosis and the immune system

            An increasing number of multifactorial diseases have been linked to intestinal dysbiosis — that is, changes in the composition and function of the gut microbiome. Here, the authors explore the causes and consequences of dysbiosis, and discuss implications for the aetiology and treatment of many common immune-mediated diseases.
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              Dectin-1 is required for beta-glucan recognition and control of fungal infection.

              Beta-glucan is one of the most abundant polysaccharides in fungal pathogens, yet its importance in antifungal immunity is unclear. Here we show that deficiency of dectin-1, the myeloid receptor for beta-glucan, rendered mice susceptible to infection with Candida albicans. Dectin-1-deficient leukocytes demonstrated significantly impaired responses to fungi even in the presence of opsonins. Impaired leukocyte responses were manifested in vivo by reduced inflammatory cell recruitment after fungal infection, resulting in substantially increased fungal burdens and enhanced fungal dissemination. Our results establish a fundamental function for beta-glucan recognition by dectin-1 in antifungal immunity and demonstrate a signaling non-Toll-like pattern-recognition receptor required for the induction of protective immune responses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                aparodi.sechenovuniversity@gmail.com
                zamyat@belozersky.msu.ru
                Journal
                J Nanobiotechnology
                J Nanobiotechnology
                Journal of Nanobiotechnology
                BioMed Central (London )
                1477-3155
                30 October 2021
                30 October 2021
                2021
                : 19
                : 354
                Affiliations
                [1 ]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, Institute of Molecular Medicine, , Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, ; 119991 Moscow, Russia
                [2 ]GRID grid.510477.0, Sirius University of Science and Technology, ; 1 Olympic Ave, 354340 Sochi, Russia
                [3 ]GRID grid.14476.30, ISNI 0000 0001 2342 9668, Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, ; 119992 Moscow, Russia
                [4 ]GRID grid.415738.c, ISNI 0000 0000 9216 2496, National Medical Research Center of Tuberculosis and Infectious Diseases, , Ministry of Health, ; 127994 Moscow, Russia
                [5 ]GRID grid.448878.f, ISNI 0000 0001 2288 8774, Department of Infectious Diseases, , Sechenov University, ; 119991 Moscow, Russia
                [6 ]GRID grid.5475.3, ISNI 0000 0004 0407 4824, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, , University of Surrey, ; Guildford, GU2 7X UK
                Article
                1100
                10.1186/s12951-021-01100-2
                8557561
                34717658
                6fb32105-9f2b-41e2-ad43-0cd6860d2eb8
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver ( http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

                History
                : 19 August 2021
                : 21 October 2021
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100006769, Russian Science Foundation;
                Award ID: (grant # 21-75-30020)
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © The Author(s) 2021

                Biotechnology
                oral nanomedicine,cancer treatment,biological barriers
                Biotechnology
                oral nanomedicine, cancer treatment, biological barriers

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