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      Síndrome de cascanueces acompañando un caso de síndrome de Wilkie: a propósito de un caso Translated title: Nutcracker Syndrome Combined with Wilkie Syndrome: Case Report

      case-report
      , , , , ,
      Revista colombiana de Gastroenterología
      Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología
      Superior mesenteric artery syndrome, Wilkie syndrome, superior mesenteric artery, syndrome/imaging, superior mesenteric artery syndrome/surgery, left renal vein syndrome, nutcracker syndrome, jejunum/surgery, intestinal obstruction/surgery, Síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior, síndrome de Wilkie, arteria mesentérica superior, síndrome/diagnóstico por imagen, síndrome/cirugía de la arteria mesentérica superior, síndrome de la vena renal izquierda, síndrome de cascanueces, yeyuno/cirugía, obstrucción intestinal/cirugía

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          Abstract

          Resumen Objetivo: describir la presentación clínica, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento quirúrgico de un paciente con síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior o síndrome de Wilkie combinado con síndrome de cascanueces o síndrome de compresión de la vena renal izquierda, en un centro de alta complejidad de un país latinoamericano. Descripción del caso: paciente masculino de 25 años, procedente de Estados Unidos, quien consultó por un año de pérdida de peso y episodios de obstrucción intestinal de etiología desconocida tras múltiples estudios de imagen. Se le realizaron estudios endoscópicos sin hallazgos; en la sala de recuperación desarrolló dolor abdominal que requirió ingreso al servicio de urgencias. La enterotomografía mostró dilatación de asas de colon e intestino delgado, con disminución del ángulo aortomesentérico y la serie gastrointestinal con paso filiforme del medio de contraste. Se intentó el manejo conservador como terapia inicial, con intolerancia al soporte nutricional entérico. Finalmente, se optó por el tratamiento quirúrgico, con un proceso de recuperación tórpido inicialmente, pero al final con resolución de los síntomas y aumento de peso. Conclusión: el síndrome de Wilkie es una enfermedad rara y un desafío diagnóstico en pacientes con pérdida de peso y dolor abdominal. Describimos un caso de compresión de la arteria mesentérica superior en el que se logró el diagnóstico con múltiples estrategias diagnósticas y resolución completa luego del tratamiento quirúrgico. La disminución del ángulo aortomesentérico puede comprimir la arteria mesentérica superior, así como la vena renal izquierda, que en ese caso resultó en un síndrome combinado de Wilkie y de cascanueces.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Objective: to describe the clinical presentation, diagnosis, and surgical treatment of a patient with superior mesenteric artery syndrome or Wilkie syndrome combined with the nutcracker syndrome or left renal vein compression syndrome in a tertiary referral center in a Latin American country. Case description: a 25-year-old male patient from the United States who attended for a year of weight loss and intestinal obstruction episodes of unknown etiology after multiple imaging studies. Endoscopic studies were performed without findings. While in the recovery room, he developed abdominal pain requiring admission to the emergency service. The CT enterography showed dilation of the colon loops and small intestine with a decrease of the aortomesenteric (AOM) angle and the gastrointestinal series with the filiform passage of the contrast medium. Conservative management was attempted as initial therapy with intolerance to enteric nutritional support. Finally, we initially opted for surgical treatment, with a slow recovery process, but in the end, with a resolution of symptoms and weight gain. Conclusion: Wilkie syndrome is a rare disease and a diagnostic challenge in patients with weight loss and abdominal pain. We described a superior mesenteric artery compression case in which diagnosis was achieved with multiple diagnostic strategies and complete resolution after surgical treatment. The decreased aortomesenteric angle may compress the superior mesenteric artery and the left renal vein. In this case, it resulted in a combined Wilkie and nutcracker syndrome.

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          Most cited references14

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          Recalling Superior Mesenteric Artery Syndrome

          Background: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is uncommon and characterized by postprandial epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, anorexia and weight loss. The syndrome is caused by compression of the third part of the duodenum in the angle between the aorta and the superior mesenteric artery. This review updates etiology, epidemiology, diagnosis, treatment and outcome of the superior mesenteric artery syndrome. Methods: Review of the literature. Results: Frequently, predisposing medical conditions associated with catabolic states or rapid weight loss result in a decrease of the aortomesenteric angle and subsequent duodenal obstruction. External cast compression, anatomic variants and surgical alteration of the anatomy following spine surgery or ileoanal pouch anastomosis can also precipitate the syndrome. Once radiologic studies have established diagnosis, first-line treatment is usually conservative with jejunal or parenteral nutrition for restoration of the aortomesenteric fatty tissue. If conservative management fails, surgical options include open or laparoscopic duodenojejunostomy or duodenal mobilization and division of the ligament of Treitz. Conclusion: Superior mesenteric artery syndrome is clearly defined and frequently associated with a wide range of predisposing conditions and surgical procedures; clinicians have to consider this syndrome in such a setting. Larger studies are needed to better define the optimal treatment for this disease.
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            Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: diagnosis and treatment strategies.

            Superior mesenteric artery (SMA) syndrome is an unusual cause of vomiting and weight loss resulting from the compression of the third part of the duodenum by the SMA. Various medical and psychiatric conditions may result in the initial rapid weight loss which causes narrowing of the aortomesenteric angle. The vomiting and obstructive syndrome is then self-perpetuated regardless of the initiating factors. The young age and nonspecific symptoms often lead to a delay in diagnosis. A series of eight cases is presented reviewing the presentation, investigations, surgical treatment by division of duodenum and duodenojejunostomy, and outcomes. SMA syndrome is a well-described entity which must be considered as a cause of vomiting associated with significant weight loss in young adults. Surgical treatment should be allied with psychological assessment to treat any underlying psychosocial abnormality.
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              Superior mesenteric artery syndrome: CT and ultrasonography findings.

              The purpose of the study was to describe computed tomography (CT) and ultrasonography findings in superior mesenteric artery syndrome (SMAS). The study was performed on 89 CT examinations. Ultrasonography was performed on 32 and barium study was performed on four of these subjects. Group A consisted of cases with one or more of the following complaints: postprandial epigastric pain, weight loss and vomiting. Group B consisted of the remaining cases. Cases who had all of the above-mentioned clinical findings and duodenal dilatation, to-and-fro barium movement and SMA indentation in barium study were diagnosed as having SMAS. Body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) was calculated. The distance between SMA and aorta, at the location where the duodenum passes from, was measured on CT and ultrasonography. The angle between SMA and aorta was measured on ultrasonography images. Group and gender differences were analyzed with t-test, the relationship between clinical and CT findings was analyzed with Mann Whitney U test and the relations between BMI-CT and CT-ultrasonography measurements were analyzed with Pearson coefficients. Of 13 cases in Group A, 3 were diagnosed as SMAS. Eight of the cases showed gastric and/or duodenal dilatation. In 6 cases, antrum had an abnormally high location at portal hilus. In Group A, the SMA-aorta distance was 6.6 +/- 1.5 mm and the SMA-aorta angle was 18.7 +/- 10.7 degrees . In Group B, these values were 16.0 +/- 5.6 mm and 50.9 +/- 25.4 degrees , respectively (p < 0.001). Cut-off values between SMAS and Group B were 8 mm (100% sensitivity and specificity), and 22 degrees (42.8% sensitivity, 100 % specificity). CT and ultrasonography measurements (p < 0.001) and SMA-aorta distance and BMI (p=0.004) were significantly correlated. The SMA-aorta distance was significantly shorter in females (p=0.036). Gastric and/or duodenal dilatation and a diminished SMA-aorta distance have a significant correlation with clinical symptoms of SMAS that include postprandial pain, vomiting and weight loss.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rcg
                Revista colombiana de Gastroenterología
                Rev. colomb. Gastroenterol.
                Asociación Colombiana de Gastroenterología (Bogotá, , Colombia )
                0120-9957
                2500-7440
                September 2022
                : 37
                : 3
                : 306-310
                Affiliations
                [4] Cali Valle del Cauca orgnameUniversidad del Valle Colombia
                [3] Cali orgnameClínica Farallones Colombia
                [2] Cali orgnameUniversidad Libre Colombia
                [5] Cali orgnameClínica Farallones Colombia
                [1] Cali orgnameClínica Farallones Colombia
                Article
                S0120-99572022000300306 S0120-9957(22)03700300306
                10.22516/25007440.797
                6fe501de-ea9e-4d31-9928-91fd1e496fbc

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 August 2021
                : 21 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 14, Pages: 5
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Reporte de casos

                síndrome de la vena renal izquierda,síndrome/diagnóstico por imagen,arteria mesentérica superior,síndrome de Wilkie,Síndrome de la arteria mesentérica superior,intestinal obstruction/surgery,jejunum/surgery,nutcracker syndrome,left renal vein syndrome,superior mesenteric artery syndrome/surgery,syndrome/imaging,superior mesenteric artery,Wilkie syndrome,Superior mesenteric artery syndrome,obstrucción intestinal/cirugía,yeyuno/cirugía,síndrome de cascanueces,síndrome/cirugía de la arteria mesentérica superior

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