Seed Coat Microsculpturing Is Related to Genomic Components in Wild Brassica juncea and Sinapis arvensis

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Abstract

It has been reported that wild Brassica and related species are widely distributed across Xinjiang, China, and there has been an argument for species identification. Seed coat microsculpturing (SCM) is known to be an excellent character for taxonomic and evolutionary studies. By identifying collections from Xinjiang, China, and combining SCM pattern, flow cytometry, and genome-specific DNA markers as well as sexual compatibility with known species, this study aimed to detect potential relationships between SCM and genomic types in wild Brassica and related species. Three wild collections were found to be tetraploid with a SCM reticulate pattern similar to B. juncea, and containing A and B genome-specific loci, indicating relatively high sexual compatibility with B. juncea. The others were diploid, carrying S-genome-specific DNA markers, and having relatively high sexual compatibility with Sinapis arvensis. Moreover, their SCM was in a rugose pattern similar to that of S. arvensis. It was suggested that SCM, as a morphological characteristic, can reflect genomic type, and be used to distinguish B-genome species such as B. juncea from the related S. arvensis. The relationship between SCM and genomic type can support taxonomic studies of the wild Brassica species and related species.

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Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species.

C Moule, Keith J. Edwards, Martin Trick … (2004)

A set of 398 simple sequence repeat markers (SSRs) have been developed and characterised for use with genetic studies of Brassica species. Small-insert (250-900 bp) genomic libraries from Brassica rapa, B. nigra, B. oleracea and B. napus, highly enriched for dinucleotide and trinucleotide SSR motifs, were constructed. Screening the clones with a mixture of oligonucleotide repeat probes revealed positive hybridisation to between 75% and 90% of the clones. Of these, 1230 were sequenced. Primer pairs were designed for 398 SSR clones, and of these, 270 (67.8%) amplified a PCR product of the expected size in their focal and/or closely related species. A further screen of 138 primers pairs that produced a PCR product in B. napus germplasm found that 86 (62.3%) revealed length polymorphisms within at least one line of a test array representing the four Brassica species. The results of this screen were used to identify 56 SSRs and were combined with 41 SSRs that had previously shown polymorphism between the parents of a B. napus mapping population. These 97 SSR markers were mapped relative to a framework of RFLP markers and detected 136 loci over all 19 linkage groups of the oilseed rape genome.

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Analysis of gene expression patterns during seed coat development in Arabidopsis.

Larissa Ramsay, Abdul Ahad, Y Cao … (2011)

The seed coat is important for embryo protection, seed hydration, and dispersal. Seed coat composition is also of interest to the agricultural sector, since it impacts the nutritional value for humans and livestock alike. Although some seed coat genes have been identified, the developmental pathways controlling seed coat development are not completely elucidated, and a global genetic program associated with seed coat development has not been reported. This study uses a combination of genetic and genomic approaches in Arabidopsis thaliana to begin to address these knowledge gaps. Seed coat development is a complex process whereby the integuments of the ovule differentiate into specialized cell types. In Arabidopsis, the outermost layer of cells secretes mucilage into the apoplast and develops a secondary cell wall known as a columella. The layer beneath the epidermis, the palisade, synthesizes a secondary cell wall on its inner tangential side. The innermost layer (the pigmented layer or endothelium) produces proanthocyanidins that condense into tannins and oxidize, giving a brown color to mature seeds. Genetic separation of these cell layers was achieved using the ap2-7 and tt16-1 mutants, where the epidermis/palisade and the endothelium do not develop respectively. This genetic ablation was exploited to examine the developmental programs of these cell types by isolating and collecting seed coats at key transitions during development and performing global gene expression analysis. The data indicate that the developmental programs of the epidermis and the pigmented layer proceed relatively independently. Global expression datasets that can be used for identification of new gene candidates for seed coat development were generated. These dataset provide a comprehensive expression profile for developing seed coats in Arabidopsis, and should provide a useful resource and reference for other seed systems. © The Author 2011. Published by the Molecular Plant Shanghai Editorial Office in association with Oxford University Press on behalf of CSPB and IPPE, SIBS, CAS.

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Early stages of seed development in Brassica napus: a seed coat-specific cysteine proteinase associated with programmed cell death of the inner integument.

Qun Xia, Lianglu Wan, Gopalan Selvaraj … (2002)

A maternal plant exquisitely promotes the success of its offspring by orchestrating embryo development and endowing protection even after the embryos mature. It uses ovule integuments for physical and physiological contact with the developing embryo and for subsequently equipping the seed with a seed coat (testa). The testa is developmentally and metabolically dynamic, but its molecular biology is not well understood. We show here that the inner integument in Brassica napus undergoes organized development and then programmed cell death (PCD), as evident from vacuolation, starch mobilization, DNA fragmentation and eventual compression. We have identified a cysteine proteinase gene (BnCysP1) that is expressed only in the inner integument as it undergoes PCD, well before the embryo begins storage protein synthesis. Two paralogous Cys proteinases have been recruited in rapeseed for the PCD of testa and for leaf senescence, and these differ 25% in their primary structure and post-translational modifications. Despite Arabidopsis being closely related to rapeseed, and an indication of developmental compression of its inner integument, the Arabidopsis genome is suggestive of only one Cys proteinase that shows approximately 72% identity to BnCysP1. It is, however, leaf senescence-associated, and the other Cys proteinases are <52% identical. BnCysP1 also differs from ricinosome-deployed PCD Cys endopeptidases in lacking the hallmark KDEL tail and being glycosylated. BnCysP1, one of the very few plant genes known to function only in the seed coat, will be useful in dissecting post-fertilization development of this important organ in rapeseed.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Jinfa Zhang: Role: Editor

Journal

Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE

Journal ID (publisher-id): plos

Journal ID (pmc): plosone

Title: PLoS ONE

Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, USA )

ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203

Publication date Collection: 2013

Publication date (Electronic): 30 December 2013

Volume: 8

Issue: 12

Electronic Location Identifier: e83634

Affiliations

[1 ]College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China

[2 ]State Key Laboratory of Vegetation and Environmental Change, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

New Mexico State University, United States of America

Author notes

* E-mail: weiwei@ 123456ibcas.ac.cn (WW); kdm@ 123456pku.edu.cn (KDM)

Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Conceived and designed the experiments: WW DmK. Performed the experiments: YhW. Analyzed the data: YhW WW DmK. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WW KpM. Wrote the paper: YhW WW KpM.

Article

Publisher ID: PONE-D-13-34881

DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0083634

PMC ID: 3875484

PubMed ID: 24386242

SO-VID: 7029a860-be47-4a61-a81d-9428c04bdb67

License:

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

History

Date received : 28 August 2013

Date accepted : 6 November 2013

Page count

Pages: 10

Funding

This work was supported by two projects of the Natural Science Foundation of China (grant no. 31370357 and no.31270578) and partially by the China–European Union cooperation special project of the Ministry of Science and Technology of China (contract 0807) and the China-UK Sustainable Agriculture Innovation Network (SAIN project: CWR China). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

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Seed Coat Microsculpturing Is Related to Genomic Components in Wild Brassica juncea and Sinapis arvensis

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Most cited references 10

Efficient large-scale development of microsatellites for marker and mapping applications in Brassica crop species.

Analysis of gene expression patterns during seed coat development in Arabidopsis.

Early stages of seed development in Brassica napus: a seed coat-specific cysteine proteinase associated with programmed cell death of the inner integument.

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