Immunogenicity of an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in people living with HIV-1: a non-randomized cohort study

Abstract

Background

Inactivated COVID-19 vaccines are safe and effective in the general population with intact immunity. However, their safety and immunogenicity have not been demonstrated in people living with HIV (PLWH).

Methods

42 HIV-1 infected individuals who were stable on combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and 28 healthy individuals were enrolled in this open-label two-arm non-randomized study at Hubei Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, China. Two doses of an inactivated COVID-19 vaccine (BBIBP-CorV) were given on April 22, 2021 and May 25, 2021, respectively. The reactogenicity of the vaccine were evaluated by observing clinical adverse events and solicited local and systemic reactions. Humoral responses were measured by anti-spike IgG ELISA and surrogate neutralization assays. Cell-mediated immune responses and vaccine induced T cell activation were measured by flow cytometry.

Findings

All the HIV-1 infected participants had a CD4 ⁺ T cell count >200 cells/μL both at baseline (659·0 ± 221·9 cells/μL) and 4 weeks after vaccination (476·9 ± 150·8 cells/μL). No solicited adverse reaction was observed among all participants. Similar binding antibody, neutralizing antibody and S protein specific T cell responses were elicited in PLWH and healthy individuals. PLWH with low baseline CD4 ⁺/CD8 ⁺ T cell ratios (<0·6) generated lower antibody responses after vaccination than PLWH with medium (0·6∼1·0) or high (≥1·0) baseline CD4 ⁺/CD8 ⁺ T cell ratios (P<0·01). The CD3 ⁺, CD4 ⁺ and CD8 ⁺ T cell counts of PLWH decreased significantly after vaccination (P<0·0001), but it did not lead to any adverse clinical manifestation. Moreover, we found that the general HIV-1 viral load among the PLWH cohort decreased significantly after vaccination (P=0·0192). The alteration of HIV-1 viral load was not significantly associated with the vaccine induced CD4 ⁺ T cell activation (P>0·2).

Interpretation

Our data demonstrated that the inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine was safe, immunogenic in PLWH who are stable on cART with suppressed viral load and CD4 ⁺ T cell count > 200 cells/μL. However, the persistence of the vaccine-induced immunities in PLWH need to be further investigated.