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      Hypotonia and feeding problems in the newborn: a congenital myotonic dystrophy type 1 clinical case Translated title: Hipotonia e dificuldades alimentares no recém-nascido: um caso de distrofia miotónica tipo 1 congénita

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Congenital myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is characterized by hypotonia and severe general weakness at birth, often with respiratory distress and even death. Clinical report: A newborn male with prenatal diagnosis of ventriculomegaly and polyhydramnios was born at 39 weeks of gestation with no immediate occurrences and a maternal family history of two cases with unspecified neuromuscular conditions. The newborn was admitted in the second day of life due to feeding problems and desaturation episodes, presenting with hypotonia, non-vigorous crying, facial diplegia, and arthrogryposis of the lower limbs. A genetic study for myotonic dystrophy was requested, which revealed cytosine thiamine and guanine (CTG) expansion in the DMPK gene (1100-1400 repeats), confirming diagnosis of congenital DM1. Discussion and conclusions: Despite the presence of congenital DM1, this newborn presents with a milder phenotype than expected for the condition. Symptom recognition, combined with family history, allowed an early diagnosis and adequate follow-up.

          Translated abstract

          Introdução: A distrofia miotónica tipo 1 (DM1) congénita caracteriza-se por hipotonia e fraqueza generalizada grave ao nascimento. Frequentemente, apresenta-se com insuficiência respiratória, podendo ser fatal. Caso Clínico: Um recém-nascido do sexo masculino, com diagnóstico pré-natal de ventriculomegalia e polihidrâmnio, nasceu às 39 semanas sem intercorrências. Dos antecedentes familiares, destacam-se dois elementos da linhagem materna com doença neuromuscular não esclarecida. O recém-nascido foi internado no segundo dia de vida devido a dificuldades alimentares e episódios de dessaturação, apresentando hipotonia, choro pouco vigoroso, diplegia facial e artrogripose dos membros inferiores. Foi solicitado estudo genético de distrofia miotónica, que revelou expansão de citosina, tiamina e guanina (CTG) no gene DMPK (1100-1400 repetições), confirmando o diagnóstico de DM1 congénita. Discussão e conclusões: Apesar de se tratar de um caso de DM1 congénita, este recém-nascido apresenta um quadro menos grave do que o expectável. O reconhecimento da sintomatologia, aliado à história familiar, permitiu estabelecer um diagnóstico atempado e um plano de seguimento adequado.

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          Cognitive impairment in neuromuscular disorders.

          Several studies have suggested the presence of central nervous system involvement manifesting as cognitive impairment in diseases traditionally confined to the peripheral nervous system. The aim of this review is to highlight the character of clinical, genetic, neurofunctional, cognitive, and psychiatric deficits in neuromuscular disorders. A high correlation between cognitive features and cerebral protein expression or function is evident in Duchenne muscular dystrophy, myotonic dystrophy (Steinert disease), and mitochondrial encephalomyopathies; direct correlation between tissue-specific protein expression and cognitive deficits is still elusive in certain neuromuscular disorders presenting with or without a cerebral abnormality, such as congenital muscular dystrophies, congenital myopathies, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, adult polyglucosan body disease, and limb-girdle muscular dystrophies. No clear cognitive deficits have been found in spinal muscular atrophy and facioscapulohumeral dystrophy.
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            Psychiatric and cognitive phenotype of childhood myotonic dystrophy type 1.

            To investigate the psychiatric and cognitive phenotype in young individuals with the childhood form of myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Twenty-eight individuals (15 females, 13 males) with childhood DM1 (mean age 17y, SD 4.6, range 7-24y) were assessed using standardized instruments and cognitive testing of general intelligence, visual attention, and visual-spatial construction abilities. Nineteen patients had repeated a school grade. The mean (SD) Full-scale IQ was 73.6 (17.5) and mean Verbal IQ was significantly higher than the mean Performance IQ: 80.2 (19.22) versus 72.95 (15.58), p=0.01. Fifteen patients had one or more diagnoses on the DSM-IV axis 1, including internalizing disorders (phobia, n=7; mood disorder, n=6; other anxiety disorders, n=5) and attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder, inattentive subtype (n=8). Twelve out of 22 patients had alexithymia (inability to express feelings with words and to recognize and share emotional states). Cognitive testing found severe impairments in visual attention and visual-spatial construction abilities in four out of 18, and 14 out of 24 patients respectively. No diagnosis was correlated with the transmitting parent's sex or with cytosine-thymine-guanine (CTG) repeat numbers. Patients with severe visual-spatial construction disabilities had a significantly longer CTG expansion size than those with normal visual-spatial abilities (p=0.04). Children and adolescents with childhood DM1 have frequent diagnoses on DSM-IV axis 1, with internalizing disorders being the most common type of disorder. They also have borderline low intelligence and frequent impairments in attention and visual-spatial construction abilities. © The Authors. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology © 2012 Mac Keith Press.
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              Congenital and childhood myotonic dystrophy: Current aspects of disease and future directions.

              Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is multisystem disease arising from mutant CTG expansion in the non-translating region of the dystrophia myotonica protein kinase gene. While DM1 is the most common adult muscular dystrophy, with a worldwide prevalence of one in eight thousand, age of onset varies from before birth to adulthood. There is a broad spectrum of clinical severity, ranging from mild to severe, which correlates with number of DNA repeats. Importantly, the early clinical manifestations and management in congenital and childhood DM1 differ from classic adult DM1. In neonates and children, DM1 predominantly affects muscle strength, cognition, respiratory, central nervous and gastrointestinal systems. Sleep disorders are often under recognised yet a significant morbidity. No effective disease modifying treatment is currently available and neonates and children with DM1 may experience severe physical and intellectual disability, which may be life limiting in the most severe forms. Management is currently supportive, incorporating regular surveillance and treatment of manifestations. Novel therapies, which target the gene and the pathogenic mechanism of abnormal splicing are emerging. Genetic counselling is critical in this autosomal dominant genetic disease with variable penetrance and potential maternal anticipation, as is assisting with family planning and undertaking cascade testing to instigate health surveillance in affected family members. This review incorporates discussion of the clinical manifestations and management of congenital and childhood DM1, with a particular focus on hypersomnolence and sleep disorders. In addition, the molecular genetics, mechanisms of disease pathogenesis and development of novel treatment strategies in DM1 will be summarised.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                nas
                Nascer e Crescer
                Nascer e Crescer
                Centro Hospitalar do Porto (Porto, , Portugal )
                0872-0754
                2183-9417
                December 2018
                : 27
                : 4
                : 246-248
                Affiliations
                [3] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário de São João orgdiv1Hospital Pediátrico Integrado orgdiv2Neuropediatrics Unit Portugal
                [2] Famalicão orgnameCentro Hospitalar Médio Ave orgdiv1Unidade de Famalicão orgdiv2Pediatrics Department Portugal
                [1] Porto orgnameCentro Hospitalar Universitário de São João orgdiv1Hospital Pediátrico Integrado orgdiv2Pediatrics Department Portugal
                Article
                S0872-07542018000400006
                10.25753/BirthGrowthMJ.v27.i4.12046
                70c25480-1e78-4ae6-8432-4c99ae6220ef

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 11 January 2018
                : 19 May 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 12, Pages: 3
                Product

                SciELO Portugal

                Categories
                Case Reports

                Congenital myotonic dystrophy,DMPK gene,Hypotonia,Steinert’s disease,Distrofia miotónica congénita,Doença de Steinert,Gene DMPK,Hipotonia

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