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      Effectiveness and influencing factors of online education for caregivers of patients with eating disorders during COVID‐19 pandemic in China

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          Abstract

          Objective

          The goals were twofold: To estimate the depression and anxiety levels among caregivers of patients with eating disorders (ED) in China during the COVID‐19 pandemic when compared with a control group, and to assess whether an online education program was effective in decreasing the anxiety and depression of the caregivers of patients with ED, and associated factors.

          Method

          Caregivers of patients with ED ( n = 254) and a comparison group of non‐ED caregivers ( N = 254) were recruited at baseline. Additionally, caregivers of patients with ED were invited into a free 4‐week online education program, with an additional online group as support. Depression and anxiety levels were assessed at baseline and after the intervention.

          Results

          Caregivers of patients with ED showed significantly higher levels of depression and anxiety than the comparison group of non‐ED caregivers. The online education program showed no significant effect on decreasing depression and anxiety levels of caregivers of patients with ED overall. Caregivers who had older loved ones and not living with them were more likely to decrease their depression levels. Caregivers of patients with longer illness duration were less likely to decrease their anxiety levels.

          Discussion

          These results showed that caregivers of ED patients suffered more serious psychological distress during the pandemic. A more structured and intensive online intervention with a limited number of participants might be required to address caregivers' distress in post‐COVID‐19 China.

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          Most cited references39

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          Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia

          Qun Li, Xuhua Guan, Peng Wu … (2020)
          Abstract Background The initial cases of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)–infected pneumonia (NCIP) occurred in Wuhan, Hubei Province, China, in December 2019 and January 2020. We analyzed data on the first 425 confirmed cases in Wuhan to determine the epidemiologic characteristics of NCIP. Methods We collected information on demographic characteristics, exposure history, and illness timelines of laboratory-confirmed cases of NCIP that had been reported by January 22, 2020. We described characteristics of the cases and estimated the key epidemiologic time-delay distributions. In the early period of exponential growth, we estimated the epidemic doubling time and the basic reproductive number. Results Among the first 425 patients with confirmed NCIP, the median age was 59 years and 56% were male. The majority of cases (55%) with onset before January 1, 2020, were linked to the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market, as compared with 8.6% of the subsequent cases. The mean incubation period was 5.2 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1 to 7.0), with the 95th percentile of the distribution at 12.5 days. In its early stages, the epidemic doubled in size every 7.4 days. With a mean serial interval of 7.5 days (95% CI, 5.3 to 19), the basic reproductive number was estimated to be 2.2 (95% CI, 1.4 to 3.9). Conclusions On the basis of this information, there is evidence that human-to-human transmission has occurred among close contacts since the middle of December 2019. Considerable efforts to reduce transmission will be required to control outbreaks if similar dynamics apply elsewhere. Measures to prevent or reduce transmission should be implemented in populations at risk. (Funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of China and others.)
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            A brief measure for assessing generalized anxiety disorder: the GAD-7.

            Robert L Spitzer, Kurt Kroenke, Janet B W Williams … (2006)
            Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is one of the most common mental disorders; however, there is no brief clinical measure for assessing GAD. The objective of this study was to develop a brief self-report scale to identify probable cases of GAD and evaluate its reliability and validity. A criterion-standard study was performed in 15 primary care clinics in the United States from November 2004 through June 2005. Of a total of 2740 adult patients completing a study questionnaire, 965 patients had a telephone interview with a mental health professional within 1 week. For criterion and construct validity, GAD self-report scale diagnoses were compared with independent diagnoses made by mental health professionals; functional status measures; disability days; and health care use. A 7-item anxiety scale (GAD-7) had good reliability, as well as criterion, construct, factorial, and procedural validity. A cut point was identified that optimized sensitivity (89%) and specificity (82%). Increasing scores on the scale were strongly associated with multiple domains of functional impairment (all 6 Medical Outcomes Study Short-Form General Health Survey scales and disability days). Although GAD and depression symptoms frequently co-occurred, factor analysis confirmed them as distinct dimensions. Moreover, GAD and depression symptoms had differing but independent effects on functional impairment and disability. There was good agreement between self-report and interviewer-administered versions of the scale. The GAD-7 is a valid and efficient tool for screening for GAD and assessing its severity in clinical practice and research.
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              The PHQ-9: A New Depression Diagnostic and Severity Measure

              Kurt Kroenke, Robert L Spitzer (2002)
              Article 0 comments Cited 1095 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Jue Chen: chenjue2088@163.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Eur Eat Disord Rev
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Eur Eat Disord Rev
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1099-0968
                Journal ID (publisher-id): ERV
                Title: European Eating Disorders Review
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1072-4133
                ISSN (Electronic): 1099-0968
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 August 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1002/erv.2783
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Shanghai Mental Health Center Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
                [ 2 ] Department of Psychiatry University Hospital of Bellvitge‐IDIBELL and CIBEROBN Barcelona Spain
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Jue Chen, Clinical Psychology Department, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, No. 600 South Wanping Road, Shanghai 200030, China.

                Email: chenjue2088@ 123456163.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1624-9604
                Article
                Publisher ID: ERV2783
                DOI: 10.1002/erv.2783
                PMC ID: 7461399
                PubMed ID: 32852142
                SO-VID: 719f4819-ed17-4657-ab57-81216696ffbb
                Copyright © © 2020 Eating Disorders Association and John Wiley & Sons Ltd
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 16 June 2020
                Date revision received : 03 August 2020
                Date accepted : 04 August 2020
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, Pages: 10, Words: 7248
                Funding
                Funded by: National Natural Science Foundation of China , open-funder-registry 10.13039/501100001809;
                Award ID: 81771461
                Funded by: Clinical Science and Technology Innovation Project of Shanghai Hospital Development Center: Grant/Award Number: SHDC12019129
                Funded by: the grants from Shanghai Municipal Health Commission
                Award ID: 2019ZB0201
                Funded by: Xuhui District Health and Family Planning Commission Important Disease Joint Research Project
                Award ID: XHLHGG201808
                Categories
                Subject: Special Issue Article
                Subject: Special Issue Article
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:5.8.8 mode:remove_FC converted:01.09.2020

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: caregivers,covid‐19,eating disorders,online intervention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                Keywords: caregivers, covid‐19, eating disorders, online intervention

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