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      Burying power: New insights into incipient leadership in the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic from an outstanding burial at Baʻja, southern Jordan

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          Abstract

          In 2016, an extraordinary burial of a young adult individual was discovered at the Late Pre-Pottery Neolithic B (LPPNB, 7,500–6,900 BCE) settlement of Baʻja in southern Jordan. This burial has exceptional grave goods and an elaborate grave construction. It suggests discussing anew reconstructions of early Neolithic social structures. In this article, we will summarize former theories on the emergence of leadership and hierarchies and present a multivariate model according to which anthropological and archaeological data of the burial will be analyzed. In conclusion, we surmise that early Neolithic hierarchization in southern Jordan was based on corporate pathways to power rather than self-interested aggrandizers. However, some aspects of the burial point to regional exchange networks of prestige goods, a trait considered characteristic of network based leadership. In line with anthropological and sociological research, we argue that pathways to power should be considered as relational processes that can be understood only when comparing traits of the outstanding person to her/his social environment.

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          Leadership in an egalitarian society.

          Leadership is instrumental to resolution of collective action dilemmas, particularly in large, heterogeneous groups. Less is known about the characteristics or effectiveness of leadership in small-scale, homogeneous, and relatively egalitarian societies, in which humans have spent most of our existence. Among Tsimane' forager-horticulturalists of Bolivia, we (1) assess traits of elected leaders under experimental and naturalistic conditions and (2) test whether leaders impact or differentially benefit from collective action outcomes. We find that elected leaders are physically strong and have more kin and other exchange partners. Their ranks on physical dominance, kin support, and trustworthiness predict how well their groups perform, but only where group members have a history of collaborative interaction. Leaders do not take more of the spoils. We discuss why physically strong leaders can be compatible with egalitarianism, and we suggest that leaders in egalitarian societies may be more motivated by maintaining an altruistic reputation than by short-term rewards of collective action.
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            The Social Construction of Leadership: A Sailing Guide

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              Reassessing the Emergence of Village Life in the Near East

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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
                Role: Formal analysisRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                28 August 2019
                2019
                : 14
                : 8
                : e0221171
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Institute of Near Eastern Archaeology, Free University, Berlin, Germany
                [2 ] German Archaeological Institute, Berlin, Germany
                [3 ] Department of Archaeology and Museology, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
                [4 ] Cultures et Environnement, Préhistoire, Antiquité, Moyen Âge (CEPAM), Université Côte d'Azur, Nice, France
                [5 ] Curt-Engelhorn-Centre Archaeometry gGmbH, Mannheim, Germany
                [6 ] Albert-Ludwigs-University, Freiburg, Germany
                University at Buffalo - The State University of New York, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                [¤]

                Current address: International Psychoanalytic University, Berlin, Germany

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7810-1165
                http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-2757
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4274-4636
                Article
                PONE-D-19-03961
                10.1371/journal.pone.0221171
                6713438
                31461467
                71fcc462-177d-4a54-a8be-796932ca9ff5
                © 2019 Benz et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 10 February 2019
                : 31 July 2019
                Page count
                Figures: 18, Tables: 5, Pages: 34
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: 393531712
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001659, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft;
                Award ID: 328513355
                Funded by: Ex oriente e.V., Berlin
                MB, CP, HGKG are paid by the German Research Foundation grant 393531712; MB was paid in 2016 by the German Research Foundation grant 328513355. CEZ provided support in the form of salaries for CK. CEZ and The German Research Foundation did not have any additional role in the study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific roles of the authors are articulated in the ‘author contributions’ section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Earth Sciences
                Geology
                Geologic Time
                Stone Age
                Neolithic Period
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Physiology
                Digestive Physiology
                Dentition
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Physiology
                Digestive Physiology
                Dentition
                Social Sciences
                Archaeology
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Earth Sciences
                Mineralogy
                Minerals
                Limestone
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Femur
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Femur
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Molars
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Digestive System
                Teeth
                Molars
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Molars
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Head
                Jaw
                Teeth
                Molars
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skull
                Medicine and Health Sciences
                Anatomy
                Musculoskeletal System
                Skeleton
                Skull
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