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      A review of the antiviral activity of Chitosan, including patented applications and its potential use against COVID‐19

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          There is no author summary for this article yet. Authors can add summaries to their articles on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          Chitosan is an abundant organic polysaccharide, which can be relatively easily obtained by chemical modification of animal or fungal source materials. Chitosan and its derivatives have been shown to exhibit direct antiviral activity, to be useful vaccine adjuvants and to have potential anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 activity. This thorough and timely review looks at the recent history of investigations into the role of chitosan and its derivatives as an antiviral agent and proposes a future application in the treatment of endemic SARS‐CoV‐2.

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          Genotype and phenotype of COVID-19: Their roles in pathogenesis

          Leila Mousavizadeh, Sorayya Ghasemi (2020)
          COVID-19 is a novel coronavirus with an outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia in Wuhan, China, and then pandemic. Based on its phylogenetic relationships and genomic structures the COVID-19 belongs to genera Betacoronavirus. Human Betacoronaviruses (SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV) have many similarities, but also have differences in their genomic and phenotypic structure that can influence their pathogenesis. COVID-19 is containing single-stranded (positive-sense) RNA associated with a nucleoprotein within a capsid comprised of matrix protein. A typical CoV contains at least six ORFs in its genome. All the structural and accessory proteins are translated from the sgRNAs of CoVs. Four main structural proteins are encoded by ORFs 10, 11 on the one-third of the genome near the 3′-terminus. The genetic and phenotypic structure of COVID-19 in pathogenesis is important. This article highlights the most important of these features compared to other Betacoronaviruses.
          Article 0 comments Cited 353 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Complement and its role in innate and adaptive immune responses.

            Jason Dunkelberger, Chao Song (2009)
            The complement system plays a crucial role in the innate defense against common pathogens. Activation of complement leads to robust and efficient proteolytic cascades, which terminate in opsonization and lysis of the pathogen as well as in the generation of the classical inflammatory response through the production of potent proinflammatory molecules. More recently, however, the role of complement in the immune response has been expanded due to observations that link complement activation to adaptive immune responses. It is now appreciated that complement is a functional bridge between innate and adaptive immune responses that allows an integrated host defense to pathogenic challenges. As such, a study of its functions allows insight into the molecular underpinnings of host-pathogen interactions as well as the organization and orchestration of the host immune response. This review attempts to summarize the roles that complement plays in both innate and adaptive immune responses and the consequences of these interactions on host defense.
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              An overview of the immune system.

              J. Parkin, B. Cohen (2001)
              We are continually exposed to organisms that are inhaled, swallowed, or inhabit our skin and mucous membranes. Whether these organisms penetrate and cause disease is a result of both the pathogenicity of the organism (the virulence factors at its disposal) and the integrity of host defence mechanisms. The immune system is an interactive network of lymphoid organs, cells, humoral factors, and cytokines. The essential function of the immune system in host defence is best illustrated when it goes wrong; underactivity resulting in the severe infections and tumours of immunodeficiency, overactivity in allergic and autoimmune disease. In this review we have covered the normal function of the immune system in recognising, repelling, and eradicating pathogens and other foreign molecules.
              Article 0 comments Cited 319 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ibrahim S. I. Al‐Adham:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-5740
                ialadham@uop.edu.jo , pip.collier@yahoo.com
                Phillip J. Collier:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-2548
                pip.collier@yahoo.com
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Appl Microbiol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Appl Microbiol
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1111/(ISSN)1365-2672
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JAM
                Title: Journal of Applied Microbiology
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1364-5072
                ISSN (Electronic): 1365-2672
                Publication date (Electronic): 26 July 2021
                Publication date PMC-release: 26 July 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 10.1111/jam.15202
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] Faculty of Pharmacy Al‐Ahliyya Amman University Amman Jordan
                [ 2 ] Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences University of Petra Amman Jordan
                Author notes
                [*] [* ] Correspondence

                Ibrahim S. I. Al‐Adham and Phillip J. Collier, Faculty of Pharmacy & Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman, Jordan.

                Email: ialadham@ 123456uop.edu.jo ; pip.collier@ 123456yahoo.com

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1639-5740
                https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8529-2548
                Article
                Publisher ID: JAM15202 Other ID: 1110
                DOI: 10.1111/jam.15202
                PMC ID: 8447037
                PubMed ID: 34218488
                SO-VID: 72116c21-a1c0-4307-ae70-b9f2213574be
                Copyright © © 2021 The Society for Applied Microbiology
                License:

                This article is being made freely available through PubMed Central as part of the COVID-19 public health emergency response. It can be used for unrestricted research re-use and analysis in any form or by any means with acknowledgement of the original source, for the duration of the public health emergency.

                History
                Date received : 02 March 2021
                Date accepted : 29 June 2021
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 2, Pages: 18, Words: 38487
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article
                Subject: Review Articles
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                edited-state corrected-proof
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_JATSPMC version:6.0.7 mode:remove_FC converted:17.09.2021

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: adjuvant,antimicrobial,antiviral,chitosan,coronavirus,covid,nanoparticles,vaccine
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology
                Keywords: adjuvant, antimicrobial, antiviral, chitosan, coronavirus, covid, nanoparticles, vaccine

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