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      Overweight/Obesity and Associated Factors Among Second Cycle Primary School Children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia

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          Abstract

          Background

          Although overweight/obesity is becoming a public health issue in low income countries, there is a paucity of evidence concerning overweight/obesity in Ethiopia. The aim of the study was to assess the magnitude of overweight/obesity and associated factors among second cycle primary school children in Kirkos Sub-City, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

          Methods

          A school based cross-sectional study was conducted among 482 children from May to June, 2019. Data were collected using a questionnaire and checklist. Data were entered using EpiData version 3.1 and exported into SPSS version 22.0. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were done to identify factors associated with overweight/obesity. Level of statistical significance was declared at p ≤ 0.05.

          Results

          The overall magnitude of overweight/obesity was 21.2%. The magnitude of overweight was 13.7% while obesity was 7.5%. Vehicle availability, being from private school, not having friend(s), preferring sweet foods, eating breakfast irregularly, watching movies/Television while eating and physical inactivity were the factors significantly associated with overweight/obesity among second cycle primary school children.

          Conclusions

          The magnitude of overweight/obesity was high in the study area. Therefore, health and education sectors should promote healthy lifestyle to curb child overweight/obesity.

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          Most cited references25

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          The spread of obesity in a large social network over 32 years.

          Nicholas Christakis, James H Fowler (2007)
          The prevalence of obesity has increased substantially over the past 30 years. We performed a quantitative analysis of the nature and extent of the person-to-person spread of obesity as a possible factor contributing to the obesity epidemic. We evaluated a densely interconnected social network of 12,067 people assessed repeatedly from 1971 to 2003 as part of the Framingham Heart Study. The body-mass index was available for all subjects. We used longitudinal statistical models to examine whether weight gain in one person was associated with weight gain in his or her friends, siblings, spouse, and neighbors. Discernible clusters of obese persons (body-mass index [the weight in kilograms divided by the square of the height in meters], > or =30) were present in the network at all time points, and the clusters extended to three degrees of separation. These clusters did not appear to be solely attributable to the selective formation of social ties among obese persons. A person's chances of becoming obese increased by 57% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6 to 123) if he or she had a friend who became obese in a given interval. Among pairs of adult siblings, if one sibling became obese, the chance that the other would become obese increased by 40% (95% CI, 21 to 60). If one spouse became obese, the likelihood that the other spouse would become obese increased by 37% (95% CI, 7 to 73). These effects were not seen among neighbors in the immediate geographic location. Persons of the same sex had relatively greater influence on each other than those of the opposite sex. The spread of smoking cessation did not account for the spread of obesity in the network. Network phenomena appear to be relevant to the biologic and behavioral trait of obesity, and obesity appears to spread through social ties. These findings have implications for clinical and public health interventions. Copyright 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society.
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            On the road to obesity: Television viewing increases intake of high-density foods.

            Tiffany A Pempek, Heather L Kirkorian, Benjamin E Blass … (2006)
            Television viewing (TVV) has been linked with obesity, possibly through increased sedentary behavior and/or through increased ingestion during TVV. The proposition that TVV causes increased feeding, however, has not been subjected to experimental verification until recently. Our objective was to determine if the amount eaten of two familiar, palatable, high-density foods (pizza and macaroni and cheese) was increased during a 30-min meal when watching TV. In a within-subjects design, one group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate pizza while watching a TV show of their choice for one session and when listening to a symphony during the other session. A second group of undergraduates (n = 10) ate macaroni and cheese (M&C). TVV increased caloric intake by 36% (one slice on average) for pizza and by 71% for M&C. Eating patterns also differed between conditions. Although the length of time to eat a slice of pizza remained stable between viewing conditions, the amount of time before starting another slice was shorter during TVV. In contrast, M&C was eaten at a faster rate and for a longer period of time during TVV. Thus, watching television increases the amount eaten of high-density, palatable, familiar foods and may constitute one vector contributing to the current obesity crisis.
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              Television watching, energy intake, and obesity in US children: results from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994.

              Annemiek Smit-Tiekstra, C Macera, Adam Bartlett … (2001)
              To examine the relationship between television watching, energy intake, physical activity, and obesity status in US boys and girls, aged 8 to 16 years. We used a nationally representative cross-sectional survey with an in-person interview and a medical examination, which included measurements of height and weight, daily hours of television watching, weekly participation in physical activity, and a dietary interview. Between 1988 and 1994, the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey collected data on 4069 children. Mexican Americans and non-Hispanic blacks were oversampled to produce reliable estimates for these groups. The prevalence of obesity is lowest among children watching 1 or fewer hours of television a day, and highest among those watching 4 or more hours of television a day. Girls engaged in less physical activity and consumed fewer joules per day than boys. A higher percentage of non-Hispanic white boys reported participating in physical activity 5 or more times per week than any other race/ethnic and sex group. Television watching was positively associated with obesity among girls, even after controlling for age, race/ethnicity, family income, weekly physical activity, and energy intake. As the prevalence of overweight increases, the need to reduce sedentary behaviors and to promote a more active lifestyle becomes essential. Clinicians and public health interventionists should encourage active lifestyles to balance the energy intake of children.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Glob Adv Health Med
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Glob Adv Health Med
                Journal ID (publisher-id): GAM
                Journal ID (hwp): spgam
                Title: Global Advances in Health and Medicine
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                ISSN (Print): 2164-957X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2164-9561
                Publication date (Electronic): 17 May 2021
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 21649561211017883
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Nutrition Team, Maternal and Child Health Directorate, Addis Ababa City Administration Health Bureau, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [2 ]School of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
                [3 ]School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia
                Author notes
                [*]Berhe Gebremichael, School of Public Health, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, Harar, Ethiopia. Email: berhegere09@ 123456gmail.com
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0669-8521
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_21649561211017883
                DOI: 10.1177/21649561211017883
                PMC ID: 8135206
                PubMed ID: 34046251
                SO-VID: 7251f2c6-51e4-45d0-9902-4fdac682101e
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2021
                License:

                Creative Commons Non Commercial CC BY-NC: This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Date received : 9 October 2020
                Date revision received : 14 April 2021
                Date accepted : 23 April 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Original Article
                Custom metadata
                cover-date January-December 2021
                typesetter ts2

                Keywords: addis ababa,children,kirkos sub-city,obesity,overweight,second cycle primary school
                Data availability:
                Keywords: addis ababa, children, kirkos sub-city, obesity, overweight, second cycle primary school

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