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      Intensive prolonged exposure therapy for chronic PTSD patients following multiple trauma and multiple treatment attempts Translated title: Terapia de exposición prolongada intensiva para pacientes con PTSD crónico después de traumas múltiples y múltiples intentos de tratamiento Translated title: 用于多次创伤和多次治疗后的长期 PTSD 患者的延长暴露疗法

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      European Journal of Psychotraumatology
      Taylor & Francis
      (complex) PTSD, treatment outcome, (prolonged) exposure, intensive treatment, predictors, response patterns, TEPT (complejo), resultado del tratamiento, exposición (prolongada), tratamiento intensivo, predictores, patrones de respuesta, (复杂)PTSD, 治疗结果, (延长)暴露, 强化治疗, 预测指标, 反应模式, • Current trauma-focused treatment (TFT), including prolonged exposure (PE), usually lasts several months with sessions being delivered on a weekly basis.• In this study, PE is administered in an accelerated way in chronic PTSD patients with a likely diagnosis of ICD-11 Complex PTSD following multiple interpersonal trauma and a history of multiple treatment attempts.• The results of this open study suggest that intensive PE (iPE) can be effective. Although previous treatment attempts were unsuccessful in these patients, 71% showed partial or complete response during iPE. In addition, iPE was found to be safe and dropout rates were very low.

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          ABSTRACT

          Background: Suboptimal response and high dropout rates leave room for improvement of trauma-focused treatment (TFT) effectiveness in ameliorating posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms.

          Objective: To explore the effectiveness and safety of intensive prolonged exposure (iPE) targeting chronic PTSD patients with a likely diagnosis of ICD-11 Complex PTSD following multiple interpersonal trauma and a history of multiple treatment attempts.

          Method: Participants ( = 73) received iPE in 12 × 90-minute sessions over four days (intensive phase) followed by four weekly 90-minute booster prolonged exposure (PE) sessions (booster phase). The primary outcomes, clinician-rated severity of PTSD symptoms, and diagnostic status (Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale; CAPS-IV) were assessed at baseline, post-treatment, and at three and six months. Treatment response trajectories were identified and predictors of these trajectories explored.

          Results: Mixed model repeated measures analysis of CAPS-IV scores showed a baseline-to-posttreatment decrease in PTSD symptom severity ( < .001) that persisted during the three- and six-month follow-ups with large effect sizes (Cohen’s d > 1.2); 71% of the participants responded. None of the participants dropped out during the intensive phase and only 5% during the booster phase. Adverse events were extremely low and only a minority showed symptom exacerbation. Cluster analysis demonstrated four treatment response trajectories: Fast responders (13%), Slow responders (26%), Partial responders (32%), and Non-responders (29%). Living condition and between-session fear habituation were found to predict outcome. Participants living alone were more likely to belong to the Partial responders than to the Non-responders cluster, and participants showing more between-session fear habituation were more likely to belong to the Fast responders than to the Non-responders cluster.

          Conclusions: The results of this open study suggest that iPE can be effective in PTSD patients with multiple interpersonal trauma and after multiple previous treatment attempts. In addition, in this chronic PTSD population iPE was safe.

          Planteamiento: La respuesta subóptima y las altas tasas de abandono dejan margen para la mejora de la eficacia del tratamiento centrado en el trauma (TCT) en la mejora de los síntomas del trastorno por estrés postraumático (TEPT).

          Objetivo: explorar la efectividad y la seguridad de la exposición prolongada intensiva (EPI) dirigida a pacientes con TEPT crónico con un probable diagnóstico de TEPT complejo de la CIE-11 después de múltiples traumas interpersonales y un historial de múltiples intentos de tratamiento.

          Método: Los participantes ( N = 73) recibieron EPI en 12 sesiones de 90 minutos durante cuatro días (fase intensiva) seguidas de cuatro sesiones semanales de exposición prolongada (EP) de refuerzo de 90 minutos (fase de refuerzo). Los resultados principales, la gravedad de los síntomas del TEPT evaluados por el clínico y el estado diagnóstico evaluados por el clínico (Escala de TEPT administrada por el clínico, CAPS-IV, por sus siglas en inglés) se evaluaron al inicio, después del tratamiento, y a los tres y seis meses. Se identificaron las trayectorias de respuesta al tratamiento y se exploraron los predictores de estas trayectorias.

          Resultados: Los análisis de medidas repetidas de las puntuaciones de CAPS-IV desde un modelo mixto mostraron una disminución de la línea de base hasta el postratamiento en cuanto a la gravedad de los síntomas de TEPT ( p <.001) que persistió durante los seguimientos a los 3 y 6 meses con tamaños de efecto grandes (d de Cohen> 1,2); el 71% de los participantes respondieron. Ninguno de los participantes abandonó durante la fase intensiva y solo el 5% lo hizo durante la fase de refuerzo. Los eventos adversos fueron extremadamente bajos y solo una minoría mostró exacerbación de los síntomas. El análisis de clusters demostró cuatro trayectorias de respuesta al tratamiento: los que responden rápidamente (13%), los que responden lentamente (26%), los que responden parcialmente (32%) y los que no responden (29%). Se descubrió que las condiciones de vida y la habituación al miedo entre sesiones predecían el resultado. Los participantes que vivían solos eran más propensos a pertenecer a los que responden parcialmente que al grupo de los que no responden, y los participantes que demostraron más habituación al miedo entre sesiones tenían más probabilidades de pertenecer a los que responden rápidamente que al grupo de los que no responden.

          Conclusiones: los resultados de este estudio abierto sugieren que la EPI puede ser efectiva en pacientes con TEPT con traumas interpersonales múltiples y después de múltiples intentos previos de tratamiento. Además, en esta población de TEPT crónico, la EPI era segura.

          背景:效果欠佳和高脱落率说明用于减轻创伤后应激障碍症状(PTSD)的创伤中心治疗(TFT)的效果还有提升空间。

          目标:探索用于长期 PTSD患者强化延长暴露(iPE)的效果和安全性。这些病人经历过多次人际创伤,有多次治疗尝试,有可能被同时诊断为 ICD-11复杂 PTSD。

          方法:被试(n=73)首先在四天时间里接受12次 X90分钟的 iPE 疗程(强化阶段),随后接受四次每周进行的90分钟增进延长暴露(PE)疗程(增强阶段)。在基线期、治疗后和3月、6月后各评估一次主要结果——治疗师评估的 PTSD 症状严重度和诊断状况(临床医生用 PTSD 量表;CAPS-IV)。识别治疗反应轨迹,并探索这些轨迹分类的预测指标。

          结果:对 CAPS-IV 分数进行重复测量混合模型分析显示 PTSD 症状严重度从基线到治疗后有所减轻(p <.001),并在3月和六月后的追踪期得到保持,症状减轻程度的效应量显著(Cohen’s d > 1.2)。71%的被试在治疗后有所反应。没有被试在强化阶段脱落,只有5%的被试在增强阶段脱落。负性事件非常少发生,只有 少数人出现了症状恶化。聚类分析显示四个治疗反应轨迹:快速有效(13%),缓慢有效(26%),部分有效(32%)和无效(29%)。生活质量和治疗间恐惧习惯化可以预测结果。独自居住的被试更有可能是部分有效组(相较于无效组);出现更多的治疗间恐惧性习惯化的被试更有可能是快速有效组(相较于无效组)。

          结论:这项开放研究的结果显示 iPE 可以有效地用于 有多次人际创伤和多次前期治疗尝试的PTSD 病人。另外这种用于长期 PTD 人群的 iPE 是安全的。

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          Most cited references40

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          Reliability and validity of a brief instrument for assessing post-traumatic stress disorder

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            The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5): Development and Initial Psychometric Evaluation in Military Veterans.

            The Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS) is an extensively validated and widely used structured diagnostic interview for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The CAPS was recently revised to correspond with PTSD criteria in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013). This article describes the development of the CAPS for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) and presents the results of an initial psychometric evaluation of CAPS-5 scores in 2 samples of military veterans (Ns = 165 and 207). CAPS-5 diagnosis demonstrated strong interrater reliability (к = .78 to 1.00, depending on the scoring rule) and test-retest reliability (к = .83), as well as strong correspondence with a diagnosis based on the CAPS for DSM-IV (CAPS-IV; к = .84 when optimally calibrated). CAPS-5 total severity score demonstrated high internal consistency (α = .88) and interrater reliability (ICC = .91) and good test-retest reliability (ICC = .78). It also demonstrated good convergent validity with total severity score on the CAPS-IV (r = .83) and PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (r = .66) and good discriminant validity with measures of anxiety, depression, somatization, functional impairment, psychopathy, and alcohol abuse (rs = .02 to .54). Overall, these results indicate that the CAPS-5 is a psychometrically sound measure of DSM-5 PTSD diagnosis and symptom severity. Importantly, the CAPS-5 strongly corresponds with the CAPS-IV, which suggests that backward compatibility with the CAPS-IV was maintained and that the CAPS-5 provides continuity in evidence-based assessment of PTSD in the transition from DSM-IV to DSM-5 criteria. (PsycINFO Database Record
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              The development of a Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale.

              Several interviews are available for assessing PTSD. These interviews vary in merit when compared on stringent psychometric and utility standards. Of all the interviews, the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale (CAPS-1) appears to satisfy these standards most uniformly. The CAPS-1 is a structured interview for assessing core and associated symptoms of PTSD. It assesses the frequency and intensity of each symptom using standard prompt questions and explicit, behaviorally-anchored rating scales. The CAPS-1 yields both continuous and dichotomous scores for current and lifetime PTSD symptoms. Intended for use by experienced clinicians, it also can be administered by appropriately trained paraprofessionals. Data from a large scale psychometric study of the CAPS-1 have provided impressive evidence of its reliability and validity as a PTSD interview.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                ZEPT
                zept20
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                2018
                30 January 2018
                : 9
                : 1
                : 1425574
                Affiliations
                [ a ] Overwaal Centre of Expertise for Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD, Institution for Integrated Mental Health Care Pro Persona , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [ b ] Behavioural Science Institute, NijCare, Radboud University , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [ c ]  Institute of Psychology, Leiden University , Leiden, The Netherlands
                [ d ] Bureau Bêta , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [ e ] Department of Psychiatry, Radboud University Medical Centre , Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                [ f ] Psychotrauma Expertise Centre (PSYTREC) , Bilthoven, The Netherlands
                Author notes
                CONTACT Lotte Hendriks l.hendriks01@ 123456propersona.nl Overwaal Centre of Expertise for Anxiety Disorders, OCD and PTSD , Tarweweg 2, 6543 AM Nijmegen, The Netherlands
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5529-3275
                Article
                1425574
                10.1080/20008198.2018.1425574
                5795659
                29410776
                72524e2b-e07a-4ee7-b13a-7e84dfa48828
                © 2018 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 20 June 2017
                : 23 December 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 4, References: 70, Pages: 15
                Funding
                Funded by: Innovatiefonds Zorgverzekeraars 10.13039/501100009248
                Award ID: 2335
                This work was supported by Pro Persona Research, Innovatiefonds Zorgverzekeraars, and Stichting Achmea Slachtoffer en Samenleving.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Clinical Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                (complex) ptsd,treatment outcome,(prolonged) exposure,intensive treatment,predictors,response patterns,tept (complejo),resultado del tratamiento,exposición (prolongada),tratamiento intensivo,predictores,patrones de respuesta,(复杂)ptsd,治疗结果,(延长)暴露,强化治疗,预测指标,反应模式

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