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      Acetic Acid Ketonization over Fe 3O 4/SiO 2 for Pyrolysis Bio‐Oil Upgrading

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          Abstract

          A family of silica‐supported, magnetite nanoparticle catalysts was synthesised and investigated for continuous‐flow acetic acid ketonisation as a model pyrolysis bio‐oil upgrading reaction. The physico‐chemical properties of Fe 3O 4/SiO 2 catalysts were characterised by using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray photo‐electron spectroscopy, diffuse reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis and porosimetry. The acid site densities were inversely proportional to the Fe 3O 4 particle size, although the acid strength and Lewis character were size‐invariant, and correlated with the specific activity for the vapour‐phase acetic ketonisation to acetone. A constant activation energy (∼110 kJ mol −1), turnover frequency (∼13 h −1) and selectivity to acetone of 60 % were observed for ketonisation across the catalyst series, which implies that Fe 3O 4 is the principal active component of Red Mud waste.

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          Morphology and surface properties of fumed silicas.

          V Gun'ko, I Mironyuk, V Zarko … (2005)
          Several series of fumed silicas and mixed fumed oxides produced and treated under different conditions were studied in gaseous and liquid media using nitrogen and water adsorption-desorption, mass spectrometry, FTIR, NMR, thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC), photon correlation spectroscopy (PCS), zeta potential, potentiometric titration, and Auger electron spectroscopy methods. Aggregation of primary particles and adsorption capacity (Vp) decrease and hysteresis loops of nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms becomes shorter with decreasing specific surface area (S(BET)). However, the shape of nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms can be assigned to the same type independent of S(BET) value. The main maximum of pore size distribution (gaps between primary nonporous particles in aggregates and agglomerates) shifts toward larger pore size and its intensity decreases with decreasing S(BET) value. The water adsorption increases with increasing S(BET) value; however, the opposite effect is observed for the content of surface hydroxyls (in mmol/m2). Associative desorption of water (2(SiOH)-->SiOSi+H2O) depends on both the morphology and synthesis conditions of fumed silica. The silica dissolution rate increases with increasing S(BET) and pH values. However, surface charge density and the modulus of zeta-potential increase with decreasing S(BET) value. The PCS, 1H NMR, and TSDC spectra demonstrate rearrangement of the fumed silica dispersion depending on the S(BET) value and the silica concentration (C(SiO2)) in the aqueous suspensions. A specific state of the dispersion is observed at the C(SiO2) values corresponding to the bulk density of the initial silica powder.
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            Hierarchically structured Fe/ZSM-5 as catalysts for the oxidation of benzene to phenol

            Arjan Koekkoek, Hongchuan Xin, Qihua Yang … (2011)
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              Biomass Bioenergy

              A. V. Bridgwater (2012)
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Prof. Adam F. Lee:
                ORCID: http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2153-1391
                a.f.lee@aston.ac.uk
                Prof. Karen Wilson: k.wilson@aston.ac.uk
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): ChemCatChem
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): ChemCatChem
                Journal ID (doi): 10.1002/(ISSN)1867-3899
                Journal ID (publisher-id): CCTC
                Title: Chemcatchem
                Publisher: John Wiley and Sons Inc. (Hoboken )
                ISSN (Print): 1867-3880
                ISSN (Electronic): 1867-3899
                Publication date (Electronic): 18 January 2017
                Publication date (Print): 10 May 2017
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 9 , Catalysis for New Energy Technology ( doiID: 10.1002/cctc.v9.9 )
                Pages: 1648-1654
                Affiliations
                [ 1 ] European Bioenergy Research InstituteAston University Birmingham B4 7ETUK
                [ 2 ]Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste 34149 BasovizzaItaly
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2153-1391
                Article
                Publisher ID: CCTC201601269
                DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201601269
                PMC ID: 5434921
                PubMed ID: 28580035
                SO-VID: 727538cd-993c-45f6-aa98-b3c0ae904458
                Copyright © © 2016 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.
                License:

                This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 08 October 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 1, References: 95, Pages: 7, Words: 0
                Funding
                Funded by: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
                Award ID: EP/K036548/2
                Award ID: EP/N009924/1
                Award ID: EP/K014676/1
                Categories
                Subject: Full Paper
                Subject: Full Papers
                Custom metadata
                source-schema-version-number 2.0
                component-id cctc201601269
                cover-date May 10, 2017
                details-of-publishers-convertor Converter:WILEY_ML3GV2_TO_NLMPMC version:5.0.9 mode:remove_FC converted:17.05.2017

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Catalysis
                Keywords: carboxylic acids,iron,nanoparticles,supported catalysts,waste prevention
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Catalysis
                Keywords: carboxylic acids, iron, nanoparticles, supported catalysts, waste prevention

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