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      Stress and substance use among sexual and gender minority individuals across the lifespan

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          Abstract

          Sexual and gender minority (SGM) individuals face marked disparities in substance use. The present narrative review explores research on substance use in SGM communities using a minority stress theory lens. We define the SGM population and minority stress, and explore stresses and substance use disparities in adolescence, adulthood, and older age. Though research on this topic is beginning to highlight the relationship between stress and substance use for SGM individuals, more work is needed on older SGM populations and in translating research findings to effective interventions.

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          Family rejection as a predictor of negative health outcomes in white and Latino lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults.

          Caitlin Ryan, David Huebner, Rafael Díaz … (2009)
          We examined specific family rejecting reactions to sexual orientation and gender expression during adolescence as predictors of current health problems in a sample of lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults. On the basis of previously collected in-depth interviews, we developed quantitative scales to assess retrospectively in young adults the frequency of parental and caregiver reactions to a lesbian, gay, or bisexual sexual orientation during adolescence. Our survey instrument also included measures of 9 negative health indicators, including mental health, substance abuse, and sexual risk. The survey was administered to a sample of 224 white and Latino self-identified lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults, aged 21 to 25, recruited through diverse venues and organizations. Participants completed self-report questionnaires by using either computer-assisted or pencil-and-paper surveys. Higher rates of family rejection were significantly associated with poorer health outcomes. On the basis of odds ratios, lesbian, gay, and bisexual young adults who reported higher levels of family rejection during adolescence were 8.4 times more likely to report having attempted suicide, 5.9 times more likely to report high levels of depression, 3.4 times more likely to use illegal drugs, and 3.4 times more likely to report having engaged in unprotected sexual intercourse compared with peers from families that reported no or low levels of family rejection. Latino men reported the highest number of negative family reactions to their sexual orientation in adolescence. This study establishes a clear link between specific parental and caregiver rejecting behaviors and negative health problems in young lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults. Providers who serve this population should assess and help educate families about the impact of rejecting behaviors. Counseling families, providing anticipatory guidance, and referring families for counseling and support can help make a critical difference in helping decrease risk and increasing well-being for lesbian, gay, and bisexual youth.
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            Guidelines for psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming people.

            (2015)
            In 2015, the American Psychological Association adopted Guidelines for Psychological Practice with Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Clients in order to describe affirmative psychological practice with transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) clients. There are 16 guidelines in this document that guide TGNC-affirmative psychological practice across the lifespan, from TGNC children to older adults. The Guidelines are organized into five clusters: (a) foundational knowledge and awareness; (b) stigma, discrimination, and barriers to care; (c) lifespan development; (d) assessment, therapy, and intervention; and (e) research, education, and training. In addition, the guidelines provide attention to TGNC people across a range of gender and racial/ethnic identities. The psychological practice guidelines also attend to issues of research and how psychologists may address the many social inequities TGNC people experience.
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              Prevalence of mental disorders, psychological distress, and mental health services use among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults in the United States.

              Susan D Cochran, J. Sullivan, Vickie Mays (2003)
              Recent estimates of mental health morbidity among adults reporting same-gender sexual partners suggest that lesbians, gay men, and bisexual individuals may experience excess risk for some mental disorders as compared with heterosexual individuals. However, sexual orientation has not been measured directly. Using data from a nationally representative survey of 2,917 midlife adults, the authors examined possible sexual orientation-related differences in morbidity, distress, and mental health services use. Results indicate that gay-bisexual men evidenced higher prevalence of depression, panic attacks, and psychological distress than heterosexual men. Lesbian-bisexual women showed greater prevalence of generalized anxiety disorder than heterosexual women. Services use was more frequent among those of minority sexual orientation. Findings support the existence of sexual orientation differences in patterns of morbidity and treatment use.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mike C. Parent
                Andrew S. Arriaga
                Teresa Gobble
                Lexie Wille
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Neurobiol Stress
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Neurobiol Stress
                Title: Neurobiology of Stress
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2352-2895
                Publication date PMC-release: 27 December 2018
                Publication date Collection: February 2019
                Publication date (Electronic): 27 December 2018
                Volume: 10
                Electronic Location Identifier: 100146
                Affiliations
                [1]University of Texas at Austin, Department of Educational Psychology, Sanchez 262H, Austin, TX, 78749, USA
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. michael.parent@ 123456austin.utexas.edu
                Article
                Publisher ID: S2352-2895(18)30023-7 Publisher ID: 100146
                DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2018.100146
                PMC ID: 6430403
                PubMed ID: 30937352
                SO-VID: 74e359ec-2144-4143-bca5-0d01769419cb
                Copyright © © 2019 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 12 April 2018
                Date revision received : 23 August 2018
                Date accepted : 26 December 2018
                Categories
                Subject: Articles from the Special Issue on Stress and substance abuse throughout development; Edited by Roger Sorensen, Da-Yu Wu, Karen Sirocco, Cora lee Wetherington and Rita Valentino

                Keywords: sexual minorities,gender minorities,lgbt,substance use,health disparities,minority stress
                Data availability:
                Keywords: sexual minorities, gender minorities, lgbt, substance use, health disparities, minority stress

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