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      Deskriptive und komparative Analyse der reproduktiven Daten der Frauen innerhalb der beiden deutschen EPIC-Kohorten Potsdam und Heidelberg

      1 ,
      , Prof. Dr. (Referee), , PD Dr. (Referee), , Prof. Dr. (Referee)
      Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität
      Medizin, Risikofaktoren, Krebs, Frauen, EPIC, reproduktive Faktoren, women, cancer, Risk factors, EPIC, reproductive factors, Medizin

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          Abstract

          Den Hintergrund der vorliegenden Arbeit bildet die 1990 initiierte Studie European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition, kurz EPIC, deren Ziel es ist, die Zusammenhänge zwischen Ernährung und chronischen Erkrankungen, dabei insbesondere Krebserkrankungen, zu untersuchen. Um den Einfluß von Ernährungsfaktoren auf diese Krankheiten feststellen zu können, ist es unabdingbar, die Verteilungen auch anderer bereits bekannter oder vermuteter Risikofaktoren in den Studienkohorten zu kennen und bei den Berechnungen zu berücksichtigen. Im Hinblick auf Frauen spielen bei diesen Nicht-Ernährungsfaktoren die reproduktiven Faktoren eine zentrale Rolle. Dieser Arbeit standen die reproduktiven Daten der Frauen aus den beiden deutschen EPIC-Zentren Potsdam (N=16630) und Heidelberg (N=13616) zur Verfügung. Die Aufgabe bestand in der Beschreibung dieser Daten und in einem diesbezüglichen Vergleich der beiden Kohorten. Wie die vorliegenden Ergebnisse zeigen, unterscheiden sie sich zum Teil erheblich von einander: so liegt der Anteil der Nullipara in Potsdam bei 10% und Heidelberg bei 20,3%, das mittlere Alter bei der ersten Geburt in Potsdam bei 23,2 Jahren und in Heidelberg bei 25,6 Jahren. Diese und weitere Unterschiede zeigen sich besonders bei den vorwiegend sozial und gesellschaftlich beeinflußten Faktoren und werden in den altersabhängigen Darstellungen noch deutlicher. Vorwiegend biologisch determinierte Faktoren wie das Alter bei Menarche zeigen dagegen kaum Unterschiede. Auffallend ist, daß sich die Daten zur Einnahme exogener Hormone in beiden Kohorten sehr ähneln, obwohl diese Faktoren zu den vorwiegend sozial und gesellschaftlichen beeinflußten Faktoren gehören. Im Hinblick auf die im Verlauf der EPIC-Studie stattfindenden Analysen der Zusamenhänge zwischen Ernährung und chronischen Erkrankungen, bei denen für die in dieser Arbeit behandelten Faktoren kontrolliert werden muß, legen die vorliegenden Ergebnisse nahe, daß im Einzelfall geprüft werden muß, ob es zulässig ist, die Analysen für mehrere Zentren gemeinsam durchzuführen, oder ob sie für jedes Zentrum einzeln durchgeführt werden müssen. Insbesondere kann die Verwendung der Surrogat-Variablen "Ausbildung" zu Schwierigkeiten führen, da sie, wie in dieser Arbeit deutlich wird, in Potsdam und Heidelberg nicht dasselbe abbildet.

          Abstract

          This paper deals with parts of the baseline data of the study European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) which has been initiated in 1990, and which aims at examining links between nutrition and chronic diseases in general as well as cancer diseases in particular. In order to be able to identifying the influence of nutritional factors on these diseases it is crucial to take into account the distribution of other known or alleged risk factors existing in the study cohorts. As far as women are concerned, reproductive factors play an essential role among such non-nutritional factors. This paper takes into account the reproductive data of the women in the two German EPIC centers Potsdam (n=16,630) and Heidelberg (n=13,616) and aims at describing and comparing these data. The results show some significant differences between the two study cohorts, such as in regard to the share of nulliparity, which is 10 per cent among the Potsdam cohort, but reaches 20.3 per cent in the Heidelberg group, and in regard to the average age of the women at first birth, which is 23.2 in Potsdam and 25.6 in Heidelberg. Such evident differences and more, which all must be regarded as primarily social factors, become even more significant when one describes the respective cohorts on the basis of the womens age. By way of contrast, primarily biologically determined factors such as the age of menarche differ hardly between Heidelberg and Potsdam. It is remarkable that the data on the use of HRT and oral contraceptives are very similar in both cohorts, too, even if this factor belongs to the socially and society-influenced factors. As for the analyses of links between nutrition and chronic diseases, which represent the major aim of EPIC, and which have to be controlled in regard to the reproductive factors mentioned in this paper, the results presented in this paper suggest that it any forthcoming study has to verify if it is possible to analyze several centers collectively, or if every center has to be analyzed individually. In particular the use of the surrogate-variable "education" can lead to difficulties or misunderstandings, as it has different implications in Potsdam and Heidelberg respectively.

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          Most cited references3

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          EPIC-Germany – A Source for Studies into Diet and Risk of Chronic Diseases

          The ‘European Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)’ represents one of the main scientific activities of the EU program ‘Europe against Cancer’ and is a large-scale cohort study on diet and chronic diseases, especially cancer, with approximately 475,000 study participants. The German contribution amounted to 53,000 study participants recruited between 1994 and 1998. The study instruments of the baseline examination included self-administered questionnaires for optical reading, PC-guided interviews, and physical examinations. These instruments covered different aspects of lifestyle, with a particular focus on diet. In addition, about 95% of the participants provided 30 ml of blood. The blood was stored in liquid nitrogen for further use, preferentially in nested case-control studies. All interviews and examinations were conducted by trained interviewers in examination centers established for this study in local health offices. Every 2 years, a follow-up questionnaire is mailed to the study participants. The follow-up questionnaires will be used as the major source of outcome information and to update exposure information. The self-reported diseases are verified by medical data. In the future, record linkage with local cancer registries will help to support the identification and collection of incident cancer cases. Only an outline of hypotheses was formulated at the very beginning of EPIC in 1992. In the future, each etiological study will be based on detailed research hypotheses according to the existing knowledge and identified research gaps. These studies will be conducted on cancer at the international level and on non-cancer diseases at the national or local level.
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            Estrogen-replacement therapy and Alzheimer's disease in the Italian Longitudinal Study on Aging.

            To study the association of estrogen-replacement therapy and other estrogen-related variables with Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. Postmenopausal estrogen use has been reported to lower the risk of Alzheimer's disease. A population-based, multicenter survey was carried out in eight Italian municipalities. The sample of 2,816 women, aged 65 to 84 years, was randomly selected from the population register of each municipality and stratified in 5-year age groups. All women were screened using the Mini-Mental State Examination and interviewed concerning risk factors. Those who screened positive underwent a clinical assessment. Dementia syndrome was diagnosed according to DSM-III-R criteria, and Alzheimer's disease was diagnosed according to NINCDS-ADRDA criteria for possible and probable Alzheimer's disease. The estimated prevalence of postmenopausal estrogen use adjusted to the 1991 Italian female population was 12.3%. The frequency of estrogen use was higher among nonpatients compared with Alzheimer's disease patients (odds ratio, 0.24; 95% confidence interval, 0.07 to 0.77). The inverse association between estrogen therapy and Alzheimer's disease remained significant after adjustment for age, education, age at menarche, age at menopause, smoking and alcohol habits, body weight at the age of 50 years, and number of children (odds ratio, 0.28; 95% confidence interval, 0.08 to 0.98). Our data from a population-based study support the hypothesis that estrogen-replacement therapy is associated with a reduced prevalence of Alzheimer's disease in postmenopausal women. Prospective clinical trials are required to enable women and their physicians to weigh risks and benefits of estrogen-replacement therapy for the prevention of dementia.
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              Breast Cancer Incidence before Age 55 in Relation to Parity and Age at First and Last Births

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Medizinische Fakultät - Universitätsklinikum Charité, Humboldt-Universität (kvv )
                9 September 2003
                15 June 2005
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Medizinische Fakultät
                Article
                oai:HUBerlin.de:10673
                75adca4b-d62b-4486-bd3f-bcfab894a1bc
                History

                Medizin,Krebs,Risikofaktoren,reproductive factors,EPIC,Frauen,reproduktive Faktoren,women,cancer,Risk factors

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