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      Knowledge, Perception and Utilization of Postnatal Care of Mothers in Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Study

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          Abstract

          Mothers and their newborns are vulnerable to illnesses and deaths during the postnatal period. More than half a million women each year die of causes related to pregnancy and childbirth. The majority of deaths occur in less developed countries. Utilization of postnatal care (PNC) service in Ethiopia is low due to various factors. These problems problem significantly hold back the goal of decreasing maternal and child mortality. To assess mothers’ knowledge, perception and utilization of PNC in the Gondar Zuria District, Ethiopia. Our study is a community-based, cross-sectional study supported by a qualitative study conducted among 15–49 years mothers who gave birth during the last year. A multistage sampling technique was used to selected participants; structured questionnaires and focus group discussions were used to collect data. Data were entered into EPI info version 3.5.1 and exported into SPSS version 16.0 for the quantitative study and thematic framework analysis was applied to the qualitative portion. The majority of the women (84.39 %) were aware and considered PNC necessary (74.27 %); however, only 66.83 % of women obtained PNC. The most frequent reasons for not obtaining PNC were lack of time (30.47 %), long distance to a provider (19.25 %), lack of guardians for children care (16.07 %), and lack of service (8.60 %). Based on the multivariate analysis, place of residence (AOR 2.68; 95 % CI 1.45–4.98), distance from a health institution (AOR 2.21; 95 % CI 1.39–3.51), antenatal care visit (AOR 2.60; 95 % CI 1.40–5.06), and having decision-making authority for utilization (AOR 1.86; 95 % CI 1.30–2.65) were factors found to be significantly associated with PNC utilization. Mothers in the study area had a high level of awareness and perception about the necessity of PNC. Urban women and those who displayed higher levels of autonomy were more likely to use postnatal health services.

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          Using targeted vouchers and health equity funds to improve access to skilled birth attendants for poor women: a case study in three rural health districts in Cambodia

          Background In many developing countries, the maternal mortality ratio remains high with huge poor-rich inequalities. Programmes aimed at improving maternal health and preventing maternal mortality often fail to reach poor women. Vouchers in health and Health Equity Funds (HEFs) constitute a financial mechanism to improve access to priority health services for the poor. We assess their effectiveness in improving access to skilled birth attendants for poor women in three rural health districts in Cambodia and draw lessons for further improvement and scaling-up. Methods Data on utilisation of voucher and HEF schemes and on deliveries in public health facilities between 2006 and 2008 were extracted from the available database, reports and the routine health information system. Qualitative data were collected through focus group discussions and key informant interviews. We examined the trend of facility deliveries between 2006 and 2008 in the three health districts and compared this with the situation in other rural districts without voucher and HEF schemes. An operational analysis of the voucher scheme was carried out to assess its effectiveness at different stages of operation. Results Facility deliveries increased sharply from 16.3% of the expected number of births in 2006 to 44.9% in 2008 after the introduction of voucher and HEF schemes, not only for voucher and HEF beneficiaries, but also for self-paid deliveries. The increase was much more substantial than in comparable districts lacking voucher and HEF schemes. In 2008, voucher and HEF beneficiaries accounted for 40.6% of the expected number of births among the poor. We also outline several limitations of the voucher scheme. Conclusions Vouchers plus HEFs, if carefully designed and implemented, have a strong potential for reducing financial barriers and hence improving access to skilled birth attendants for poor women. To achieve their full potential, vouchers and HEFs require other interventions to ensure the supply of sufficient quality maternity services and to address other non-financial barriers to demand. If these conditions are met, voucher and HEF schemes can be further scaled up under close monitoring and evaluation.
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            Design of FitFor2 study: the effects of an exercise program on insulin sensitivity and plasma glucose levels in pregnant women at high risk for gestational diabetes

            Background Pregnancy is a period in the life of women that is often associated with decreased daily physical activity and/or exercise. However, maintaining adequate levels of daily physical activity during pregnancy is important for mother and child. Studies suggest that moderate daily physical activity and exercise during pregnancy are associated with reductions in the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). However, at present, physical activity is not routinely advised to pregnant women at risk for gestational diabetes in the Netherlands. In FitFor2-study we aim to assess whether an exercise program can improve insulin sensitivity and fasting plasma glucose levels of women at high risk for gestational diabetes, assuming that this will lower their risk of gestational diabetes. Methods The FitFor2-study is a randomised controlled trial. Women who visit one of the participating hospitals or midwifery practices and who are at risk for gestational diabetes are eligible to participate. After baseline measurement they are randomly allocated to in the intervention or control group. The intervention group receives an exercise program twice a week in addition to usual care. The exercise program consist of aerobic and strength exercises and takes place under close supervision of a physiotherapist. Data are collected at 15, 24 and 32 weeks of pregnancy and 12 weeks after delivery. Primary maternal outcome measures are fasting plasma glucose and relative increase in insulin resistance. Primary neonatal outcome is birth weight. Secondary outcome measures are: maternal serum triglycerides, HDL, cholesterol, HbA1c, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, maternal physical activity level, foetal growth. Discussion If the FitFor2 intervention program proves to be effective, obstetricians and midwives should refer women at risk for GDM to a special exercise program. Exercise programs for pregnant women under supervision of an experienced trainer are already available in the Netherlands, and these programs could be adjusted easily for this target group. Furthermore, the costs of these programs should be refunded by including them in the basic health care cost reimbursement schemes. Trial registration NTR1139
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              Antenatal and postnatal care service utilization in southern Ethiopia: a population-based study.

              N Regassa (2011)
              Access to antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC) services has a great deal of impacts on major causes of infant death and significantly affects trends of mortality in a population. Antenatal care may play an indirect role in reducing maternal mortality by encouraging women to deliver with assistance of a skilled birth attendant or in a health facility. In most rural settings of Ethiopia, there are challenges in increasing such health care service utilization mainly due to the fact that the decisions that lead women to use the services seem to occur within the context of their marriage , household and family setting. Examining the prevalence and factors associated with antenatal Care (ANC) and Postnatal Care (PNC) service utilizations. This was a cross-sectional population based study undertaken in 10 rural villages of the Sidama zone, southern Ethiopia. The data were collected from a representative sample of 1,094 households drawn from the study population using a combination of simple random and multistage sampling techniques. Two dependent variables were used in the analysis: The ANC, measured by whether a woman got the service (at least once) from a health professional or not during her last pregnancy and PNC which was approximated by whether the last born child completed the required immunization or not. Household and women's characteristics were used as explanatory variables for both dependent variables. The study revealed that the level of ANC and PNC service utilizations is 77.4 % and 37.2% respectively. The predicted probabilities, using logistic regression, showed that women who are literate, have exposure to media, and women with low parity are more likely to use both ANC and PNC services. Antenatal care service utilization was generally good while the postnatal care given to new born children was very low compared to other population groups in the region. Promoting women's education and behavioral change communication at grass root level, provision of the services at both home and health facilities, and improving the quality and capacity of the health providers are some of the recommendations forwarded.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                seblefikir@yahoo.com
                walelegnw@yahoo.com
                mazengiafek23@gmail.com
                manay2000@gmail.com
                Journal
                Matern Child Health J
                Matern Child Health J
                Maternal and Child Health Journal
                Springer US (Boston )
                1092-7875
                1573-6628
                26 April 2014
                26 April 2014
                2014
                : 18
                : 10
                : 2341-2351
                Affiliations
                [ ]Yekokeb Berhan Program for Highly Vulnerable Children, Mahibere Hiwot Reproductive Health and Social Development Organazation, P. O. Box. No. 631, Gondar, Ethiopia
                [ ]Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, P. O. Box. No. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
                [ ]Department of Midwifery, College of Medicine and Health Science, University of Gondar, P. O. Box. No. 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
                Article
                1474
                10.1007/s10995-014-1474-3
                4220106
                24770953
                75f1881f-f786-4e8c-874f-f9bf3930540e
                © The Author(s) 2014

                Open AccessThis article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License which permits any use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and the source are credited.

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                © Springer Science+Business Media New York 2014

                Obstetrics & Gynecology
                knowledge of mothers,mothers’ perception,utilization of postnatal care,lack of service,ethiopia

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