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      Efectos del policosanol, el extracto de semillas de uva y su terapia combinada sobre marcadores oxidativos en ratas Translated title: Effect of Polycosanol, a grape seed extract and its combined therapy on oxidation markers in rats

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          Abstract

          El policosanol, mezcla de alcoholes alifáticos primarios superiores obtenida de la cera de caña de azúcar (Saccharum officinarum, L.) y el extracto de semillas de uva (Vitis vinífera, L), producen efectos antioxidantes demostrados experimental y clínicamente. El objetivo del trabajo consistió en comparar los efectos del policosanol, el extracto de semilla de uva y su terapia combinada sobre marcadores oxidativos en plasma e hígado de ratas. Las ratas se distribuyeron en 4 grupos: un control y 3 tratados con policosanol, extracto de semilla de uva y su terapia combinada, respectivamente, todos a dosis de 25 mg/kg, durante 4 semanas. Las monoterapias redujeron significativamente las concentraciones plasmáticas de malondialdehído y de grupos carbonilos asociados a proteínas con respecto al control, lo que mostró similar eficacia. La terapia combinada redujo (p < 0,001) las concentraciones de malondialdehído más efectivamente (p < 0,05) que cada una de las monoterapias, y también disminuyó (p < 0,01) las concentraciones de grupos carbonilos, pero no más que las monoterapias. Cada monoterapia redujo las concentraciones de malondialdehído generadas por el sistema oxidante espontáneo en homogenato de hígado. El efecto de la terapia combinada fue mayor (p < 0,05) que el del extracto de semilla de uva, pero no que el del policosanol. En conclusión, las monoterapias orales con policosanol y extracto de semilla de uva, administradas durante 4 semanas, redujeron similarmente la peroxidación lipídica en plasma e hígado de ratas. La terapia combinada resultó más efectiva para inhibir la peroxidación lipídica en plasma que cada monoterapia por separado.

          Translated abstract

          The Polycosanol, a mixture of superior primary aliphatic alcohols obteined from the sugarcane wax (Sacharum officinarum, L.) and the grape seeds extract (Vitis vinífera, L.) produces antioxidant effects experimentally and clinically demonstrated. The aim of present paper was to compare the effects of Polycosanol, the grape seed extract, and its combined therapy on oxidative markers in plasma and liver of rats. The rats were distributed into 4 groups: a control one and three treated with Polycosanol, grape seed extract and its combined therapy, respectively, using a 25 mg/kg dose over 4 weeks. The single-therapies significantly reduced the plasmatic concentrations of malonyldialdehyde and of proetin-associated carbonyl groups regarding the control, showing a similar efficacy. Combined therapy reduced in a more effective way (p < 0,001) the malonyldialdehyde concentrations of carbonyl groups, and also decreased (p < 0,01) the concentrations of carbonyl groups, but no more than the single-therapies. Each single-therapy reduced the malonyldialdehyde concentrations generated by spontaneous oxidant system in liver homogenate. The effect of combined therapy was higher (p < 0,05) than the grape seed extract, but no more than that of polycosanol. We concluded that oral single-therapies using polycosanol and grape seed extract, administered during 4 weeks, decreased in a similar way, the lipid peroxidation in plasma and liver of rats. Combined therapy was more effective to inhibits the lipid peroxidation in plasma than each single-therapy, separately.

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          Acute respiratory tract infections and mannose-binding lectin insufficiency during early childhood.

          Hospital-based studies have found that increased susceptibility to certain infections is associated with low serum levels of mannose-binding lectin (MBL) due to MBL variant alleles. However, the contribution of MBL insufficiency to incidence of common childhood infections at a population level is unknown. To investigate the effect of MBL insufficiency on risk for acute respiratory tract infection (ARI) in unselected children younger than 2 years. Population-based, prospective, cohort study conducted in Sisimiut, Greenland. Two hundred fifty-two children younger than 2 years who were followed up weekly between August 1996 and August 1998 for morbidity surveillance. Risk of ARI, based on medical history and clinical examination, compared by MBL genotype, determined from blood samples based on presence of structural and promoter alleles. A 2.08-fold (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41-3.06) increased relative risk (RR) of ARI was found in MBL-insufficient children (n = 13) compared with MBL-sufficient children (n = 239; P<.001). The risk association was largely restricted to children aged 6 to 17 months (RR, 2.92; 95% CI, 1.78-4.79) while less effect (RR, 1.47; 95% CI, 0.45-4.82) and no effect (RR, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.42-2.37) was shown among children aged 0 to 5 months and 18 to 23 months, respectively. These data suggest that genetic factors such as MBL insufficiency play an important role in host defense, particularly during the vulnerable period of childhood from age 6 through 17 months, when the adaptive immune system is immature.
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            Reduced antiretroviral drug susceptibility among patients with primary HIV infection.

            The transmission of drug-resistant human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has been documented, but the prevalence of such transmission is unknown. To assess the spectrum and frequency of antiretroviral susceptibility among subjects with primary HIV infection. Retrospective analysis of 141 subjects identified from clinical research centers in 5 major metropolitan areas, enrolled from 1989 to 1998, with HIV seroconversion within the preceding 12 months and no more than 7 days' prior antiretroviral (ARV) therapy. Phenotypic and genotypic ARV susceptibility of HIV from plasma samples. The transmission of drug-resistant HIV as assessed by a greater than 10-fold reduction in ARV susceptibility to 1 or more drugs was observed in 3 (2%) of 141 subjects, including to a nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor in 1 patient and to a nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor and a protease inhibitor in 2 patients. Population-based sequence analysis of these 3 samples identified multidrug-resistance mutations in reverse transcriptase (M184V, T215Y, K219K/R) and protease (L101/V, K20R, M361, M46I, G48V, L63P, A71T, V771, V82T, 184V, L90M) in the 2 latter patient samples, along with numerous polymorphisms. A reduction in susceptibility of greater than 2.5- to 10-fold to 1 or more drugs was observed in viral isolates from 36 patients (26%). Sequence analysis of these 36 samples identified well-characterized drug resistance mutation in reverse transcriptase and protease in only 1 of these patients. Reductions in drug susceptibility of more than 10-fold were rare among this cohort of recently HIV-infected subjects and were distributed among each of the 3 major classes of ARV drugs tested. Reductions in susceptibility of more than 2.5- to 10-fold to certain ARV drugs of unknown clinical significance were highly prevalent among newly infected patients. Resistance testing may be warranted to monitor the frequency of drug resistance over time and to assess the potential for geographic variability.
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              Oxidized lipids: the two faces of vascular inflammation.

              Elevated plasma levels of low-density lipoprotein and generation of oxidized low-density lipoprotein have been directly associated with the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, and lipid oxidation products have been directly linked with induction and propagation of monocytic subendothelial accumulation and other inflammatory reactions associated with chronic vascular inflammation. However, accumulating data suggest that oxidized lipids may also exhibit anti-inflammatory potential and serve as potent inhibitors of nuclear factor-kappaB-dependent proinflammatory cascade. In addition, we have characterized a group of bioactive components of oxidized phospholipids with barrier-protective effects towards endothelial cells in the models of agonist-induced endothelial permeability and lipopolysaccharide-induced lung dysfunction. This review discusses the role of oxidized lipids in the progression of atherosclerosis as well as the important anti-inflammatory effects of oxidized phospholipids and their potential role in the modulation of vascular barrier integrity.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                far
                Revista Cubana de Farmacia
                Rev Cubana Farm
                Editorial Ciencias Médicas (Ciudad de la Habana )
                1561-2988
                March 2010
                : 44
                : 1
                : 87-96
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Centro de Productos Naturales Cuba
                Article
                S0034-75152010000100011
                765a3164-c9d5-4af8-b657-a1abc50e443f

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Cuba

                Self URI (journal page): http://scielo.sld.cu/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0034-7515&lng=en
                Categories
                PHARMACOLOGY & PHARMACY

                Pharmacology & Pharmaceutical medicine
                Policosanol,grape seed extract,antioxidants,malonyldialdehyde,Carbonyl groups,extracto de semilla de uva,antioxidantes,malondialdehído,grupos carbonilos

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