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      Multispecies Fisheries in the Lower Amazon River and Its Relationship with the Regional and Global Climate Variability

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          Abstract

          This paper aims to describe the spatial-temporal variability in catch of the main fishery resources of the Amazon River and floodplain lakes of the Lower Amazon, as well as relating the Catch per Unit of Effort with anomalies of some of the Amazon River, atmosphere and Atlantic Ocean system variables, determining the influence of the environment on the Amazonian fishery resources. Finfish landings data from the towns and villages of the Lower Amazon for the fisheries of three sites (Óbidos, Santarém and Monte Alegre), were obtained for the period between January 1993 and December 2004. Analysis of variance, detrended correspondence analysis, redundancy analysis and multiple regression techniques were used for the statistical analysis of the distinct time series. Fisheries production in the Lower Amazon presents differences between the Amazon River and the floodplain lakes. Production in the Amazon River is approximately half of the one of the floodplain lakes. This variability occurs both along the Lower Amazon River region (longitudinal gradient) and laterally (latitudinal gradient) for every fishing ground studied here. The distinct environmental variables alone or in association act differently on the fishery stocks and the success of catches in each fishery group studied here. Important variables are the flooding events; the soil the sea surface temperatures; the humidity; the wind and the occurence of El Niño-Southern Oscillation events. Fishery productivity presents a large difference in quantity and distribution patterns between the river and floodplain lakes. This variability occurs in the region of the Lower Amazon as well as laterally for each fishery group studied, being dependent on the ecological characteristics and life strategies of each fish group considered here.

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          Most cited references5

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          Amazon river discharge and climate variability: 1903 to 1985.

          Reconstruction of an 83-year record (1903 to 1985) of the discharge of the Amazon River shows that there has been no statistically significant change in discharge over the period of record and that the predominant interannual variability occurs on the 2- to 3-year time scale. Oscillations of river discharge predate significant human influences in the Amazon basin and reflect both extrabasinal and local factors. Cross-spectrum analyses of Amazon flow anomalies with indicators of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon suggest that the oscillations in the hydrograph are coupled to the tropical Pacific climate cycle.
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            Energy sources for detritivorous fishes in the Amazon.

            Detritivorous fishes form an important part of the ichthyomass in the Amazon basin. Most of these fishes are contained in the orders Characiformes and Siluriformes (catfishes). The Characiformes constitute more than 30% of the total fish yield in the Amazon basin, whereas the catfishes are of minor importance. Stable isotope data indicate that Characiformes species receive most of their carbon through food chains originating with phytoplankton, while the Siluriformes receive a significant part of their energy from other plant sources.
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              Flood pulse effects on multispecies fishery yields in the Lower Amazon

              Seasonally fluctuating water levels, known as ‘flood pulses’, control the productivity of large river fisheries, but the extent and mechanisms through which flood pulses affect fishery yields are poorly understood. To quantify and better understand flood pulse effects on fishery yields, this study applied regression techniques to a hydrological and fishery record (years 1993–2004) for 42 species of the Amazon River floodplains. Models based on indices of fishing effort, high waters and low waters explained most of the interannual variability in yields (R 2=0.8). The results indicated that high and low waters in any given year affected fishery yields two and three years later through changes in fish biomass available for harvesting, contributing 18% of the explained variability in yields. Fishing effort appeared to amplify high and low water effects by changing in direct proportion to changes in fish biomass available for harvesting, contributing 62% of the explained variability in yields. Although high waters are generally expected to have greater relative influence on fishery yields than low waters, high and low waters exerted equal forcing on these Amazonian river-floodplain fishery yields. These findings highlight the complex dynamics of river-floodplain fisheries in relation to interannual variability in flood pulses.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                17 June 2016
                2016
                : 11
                : 6
                : e0157050
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Laboratory of Fisheries Biology and Management of Aquatic Resources, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará, Brazil
                [2 ]Laboratory of Meteorology and Satellite Oceanography, Southern Regional Center for Space Research, National Institute for Space Research, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [3 ]Department of Evolutionary Ecology, National Museum of Natural Sciences, Madrid, Spain
                [4 ]Department of Applied Economics, Faculty of Economics and Business Administration, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
                [5 ]Grupo de Recursos Marinos y Pesquerías, Universidad de A Coruña, A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
                Institut Maurice-Lamontagne, CANADA
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: WHDP VJI. Analyzed the data: WHDP FJLC PP VJI. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: WHDP FJLC PP VJI. Wrote the paper: WHDP RBS VJI PP FJLC JF. Obtained permission for use of fishing data: WHDP VJI.

                [¤]

                Current Address: Laboratory of Meteorology and Satellite Oceanography, Southern Regional Center for Space Research, National Institute for Space Research, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9840-1237
                Article
                PONE-D-15-38373
                10.1371/journal.pone.0157050
                4912141
                27314951
                76920815-8f25-4a6c-bec7-da4e688a1b42
                © 2016 Pinaya et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 1 September 2015
                : 24 May 2016
                Page count
                Figures: 10, Tables: 4, Pages: 29
                Funding
                Funded by: Universidade Federal do Para
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Fundacao de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa FADESP UFPA
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100003593, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico;
                Award ID: 308646/2013-4
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100002322, Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior;
                Award ID: 9894-11-0
                Award Recipient :
                Funded by: Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduacao (PROPESP UFPA)
                Award Recipient :
                Funding for translation and publishing was provided by the Pro-Reitoria de Pesquisa e Pos-Graduacao ( www.propesp.ufpa.br) and Fundacao de Amparo e Desenvolvimento da Pesquisa ( www.portalfadesp.org.br) from Universidade Federal do Para ( www.portal.ufpa.br). WHDP was supported by Brazilian Ph.D. Scholarships from the Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior of Brazil ( www.capes.gov.br). RBS was supported by Scholarship in Research Productivity PQ CNPq 308646/2013-4 from the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development ( www.cnpq.br). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript. The specific role of this author is articulated in the 'author contributions' section.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Agriculture
                Fisheries
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Lakes
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Lakes
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Lakes
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fishes
                Freshwater Fish
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Bodies of Water
                Rivers
                Ecology and Environmental Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Rivers
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Aquatic Environments
                Freshwater Environments
                Rivers
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Taxonomy
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Data Management
                Taxonomy
                Physical Sciences
                Materials Science
                Material Properties
                Surface Properties
                Surface Temperature
                Earth sciences
                Atmospheric science
                Climatology
                El Niño-Southern Oscillation
                Earth sciences
                Marine and aquatic sciences
                Oceanography
                El Niño-Southern Oscillation
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Organisms
                Animals
                Vertebrates
                Fishes
                Marine Fish
                Biology and Life Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Earth Sciences
                Marine and Aquatic Sciences
                Marine Biology
                Marine Fish
                Custom metadata
                The environmental data and climate indexes are available in public repositories as follows: Meteorological data are available in the website: www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/gridded/. The sea surface temperature data are available in the website: https://podaac.jpl.nasa.gov/datasetlist?search=Pathfinder. The hydrological data are available in the website: http://www.snirh.gov.br/hidroweb/. Climate indexes are available in the website: www.esrl.noaa.gov/psd/data/climateindices/list/. The set of raw fishing data are obtained through the Brazilian Ministry of Fisheries and the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation. The fishing data used here were processed by the authors of this paper as CPUE (catch per unit effort) and were made available for PLOS ONE readers in the supplementary file (S2 CPUE River and S3 CPUE Lake).

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