Cyclohexanone curcumin analogs inhibit the progression of castration‐resistant prostate cancer in vitro and in vivo

Abstract

Many prostate cancer patients develop resistance to treatment called castration‐resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) which is the major cause of recurrence and death. In the present study, four cyclohexanone curcumin analogs were synthesized. Additionally, their anticancer progression activity on CRPC cell lines, PC3 and PLS10 cells, was examined. We first determined their anti‐metastasis properties and found that 2,6‐bis‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxy‐benzylidene)‐cyclohexanone (2A) and 2,6‐bis‐(3,4‐dihydroxy‐benzylidene)‐cyclohexanone (2F) showed higher anti‐invasion properties against CRPC cells than curcumin. Analog 2A inhibited both MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 secretions and activities, whereas analog 2F reduced only MMP activities. These findings suggest that the compounds may inhibit CRPC cell metastasis by decreased extracellular matrix degradation. Analog 2A, the most potent analog, was then subjected to an in vivo study. Similar to curcumin, analog 2A was detectable in the serum of mice at 30 and 60 minutes after i.p. injections. Analog 2A and curcumin (30 mg/kg bodyweight) showed a similar ability to reduce tumor area in lungs of mice that were i.v. injected with PLS10 cells. Additionally, analog 2A showed superior growth inhibitory effect on PLS10 cells than that of curcumin both in vitro and in vivo. The compound inhibited PLS10 cells growth by induction of G1 phase arrest and apoptosis in vitro. Interestingly, analog 2A significantly decreased tumor growth with downregulation of cell proliferation and angiogenesis in PLS10‐bearing mice. Taken together, we could summarize that analog 2A showed promising activities in inhibiting CRPC progression both in vitro and in vivo.