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      Multi-source evaluation of an educational program aimed at medical students for interviewing/taking the clinical history using standardized patients Translated title: Multi-Source-Evaluierung eines Ausbildungsprogramms für Medizinstudenten zur Befragung/Aufnahme der klinischen Vorgeschichte anhand standardisierter Patienten

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          Abstract

          Introduction: Simulations with standardized patients (SP) have long been used for teaching/assessing communication skills. The present study describes and evaluates an experiential training methodology aimed at medical students and based on interviews with standardized simulated patients. The training was focused on developing basic communication skills and taking medical histories.

          Methods: Longitudinal observational study of a cohort of third-year medical students. Three interviews with SP were carried out and videotaped. These interviews were assessed by the students, the SPs and the professors of the relevant subject areas.

          Results: 83 students conducted the interviews. The self-evaluations performed by the students showed an improvement between the first and third interviews, as demonstrated by the increase of 6.7% (CI 95%=3.6-10.0%) (p<0.001) in the percentage of detected items. The SPs stated an improvement of 8.5% (CI 95%=2.9-14.1) (p=0.003) from the first to the third interview regarding the percentage of students that showed a level of interest in, and ease with, the patients’ concerns. Finally, the teachers found a mean percentage of items identified in the third written clinical history of 61.4% (CI 95%=59.1-63.7) of the total available.

          Conclusions: This educational program, carried out with standardized simulated patients, showed positive signs of improvement from the first to the third interview, in both the student self-evaluations and the level of interest and ease perceived by the SPs. Additionally, the mean level of information recorded in the written medical histories was considered to be acceptable.

          Zusammenfassung

          Einführung: Simulationen mit standardisierten Patienten (SP) werden seit langem für die Unterricht/Bewertung von Kommunikationsfähigkeiten eingesetzt. Die vorliegende Studie beschreibt und evaluiert eine erfahrungsbasierte Trainingsmethodik, die sich an Medizinstudenten richtet und auf Interviews mit standardisierten simulierten Patienten basiert. Das Training konzentrierte sich auf die Entwicklung grundlegender Kommunikationsfähigkeiten und die Erfassung von Krankengeschichten.

          Methoden: Längsschnittbeobachtungsstudie an einer Kohorte von Medizinstudenten im dritten Studienjahr. Es wurden drei Interviews mit SP durchgeführt und auf Video aufgenommen. Diese Interviews wurden von den Studierenden, den SPen und den Professoren der entsprechenden Fachbereiche ausgewertet.

          Ergebnisse: 83 Studenten führten die Interviews durch. Die von den Studierenden durchgeführten Selbsteinschätzungen zeigten eine Verbesserung zwischen dem ersten und dem dritten Interview, wie der Anstieg des Prozentsatzes der entdeckten Items um 6,7% (CI 95%=3,6-10,0%) (p<0,001) zeigt. Die SPen gaben eine Verbesserung von 8,5% (CI 95%=2,9-14,1) (p=0,003) zwischen dem ersten und dem dritten Interview an, was den Prozentsatz der Studierenden betrifft, die ein gewisses Interesse an den Bedenken der Patienten zeigten und mit diesen leicht umgehen konnten. Schließlich fanden die Lehrer einen mittleren Prozentsatz von 61,4% (CI 95%=59,1-63,7) der insgesamt verfügbaren Items, die in der dritten schriftlichen Krankengeschichte identifiziert wurden.

          Schlussfolgerungen: Dieses Bildungsprogramm, das mit standardisierten simulierten Patienten durchgeführt wurde, zeigte positive Anzeichen einer Verbesserung vom ersten bis zum dritten Interview, sowohl in den Selbsteinschätzungen der Schüler/innen als auch im Grad des Interesses und der Leichtigkeit, die von den SPen wahrgenommen wurde. Zusätzlich wurde das mittlere Informationsniveau, das in den schriftlichen Krankengeschichten aufgezeichnet wurde, als akzeptabel angesehen.

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          Effective training strategies for teaching communication skills to physicians: an overview of systematic reviews.

          Physicians need good communication skills to communicate effectively with patients. The objective of this review was to identify effective training strategies for teaching communication skills to qualified physicians. PubMED, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and COCHRANE were searched in October 2008 and in March 2009. Two authors independently selected relevant reviews and assessed their methodological quality with AMSTAR. Summary tables were constructed for data-synthesis, and results were linked to outcome measures. As a result, conclusions about the effectiveness of communication skills training strategies for physicians could be drawn. Twelve systematic reviews on communication skills training programmes for physicians were identified. Some focused on specific training strategies, whereas others emphasized a more general approach with mixed strategies. Training programmes were effective if they lasted for at least one day, were learner-centred, and focused on practising skills. The best training strategies within the programmes included role-play, feedback, and small group discussions. Training programmes should include active, practice-oriented strategies. Oral presentations on communication skills, modelling, and written information should only be used as supportive strategies. To be able to compare the effectiveness of training programmes more easily in the future, general agreement on outcome measures has to be established. Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.
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            Learning objectives for medical student education--guidelines for medical schools: report I of the Medical School Objectives Project.

            (1998)
            Many observers of medicine have expressed concerns that new doctors are not as well prepared as they should be to meet society's expectations of them. To assist medical schools in their efforts to respond to these concerns, in January 1996 the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) established the Medical School Objectives Project (MSOP). The goal for the first phase of the project--which has been completed and is reported in this article--was to develop a consensus within the medical education community on the attributes that medical students should possess at the time of graduation, and to set forth learning objectives that can guide each medical school as it establishes objectives for its own program. Later reports will focus on the implementation phase of the MSOP. In this report, each of the four attributes agreed upon by a wide spectrum of medical educators is stated and explained, and then the learning objectives associated with the school's instilling of that attribute are stated. The first of the four attributes is that physicians must be altruistic. There are seven learning objectives, including the objective that before graduation, the student can demonstrate compassionate treatment of patients and respect for their privacy and dignity. The second attribute is that physicians must be knowledgeable; one of the six learning objectives is that the student can demonstrate knowledge of the normal structure and function of the body and of each of its major organ systems. The third attribute is that physicians must be skillful; one of the eleven learning objectives is that the student have knowledge about relieving pain and ameliorating the suffering of patients. The last attribute is that physicians must be dutiful; one of the six learning objectives is that the student have knowledge of the epidemiology of common maladies within a defined population, and the systematic approaches useful in reducing the incidence and prevalence of those maladies. The report ends by stating that (1) if a school's curriculum is shaped by the set of learning objectives presented in the report, the graduates will be well prepared to assume the limited patient care responsibilities expected of new residents and also will have begun to achieve the attributes needed to practice contemporary medicine; (2) schools should feel a sense of urgency in responding to the intent of the report; and (3) it is important to measure the outcomes of learning objectives, and better assessment methods should be developed, particularly ones to assess outcomes related to attitudes and values.
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              Relative contributions of history-taking, physical examination, and laboratory investigation to diagnosis and management of medical outpatients.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS J Med Educ
                GMS Journal for Medical Education
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2366-5017
                15 February 2021
                2021
                : 38
                : 2
                : Doc40
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Francisco de Vitoria University, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Madrid, Spain
                Article
                zma001436 Doc40 urn:nbn:de:0183-zma0014360
                10.3205/zma001436
                7958917
                76ecc0e1-42a1-483d-bf78-dbaf6c2a3887
                Copyright © 2021 Denizon Arranz et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License. See license information at http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

                History
                : 02 January 2020
                : 19 October 2020
                : 03 September 2020
                Categories
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                educational program,standardized patients,clinical history,medical students

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