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      Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection (ESD) in Colorectal Tumors

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          Summary

          Background

          Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) – initially developed for the treatment of early gastric cancer in Japan – is an attractive option for en bloc resection of larger sessile or flat colorectal neoplasia.

          Methods

          A review of the current literature on colorectal ESD was carried out.

          Results

          In contrast to conventional endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR), ESD for larger colorectal neoplasia yields high en bloc resection rates and very low recurrence rates. The frequency of delayed bleeding is similar for EMR and ESD. Higher perforation rates during ESD are mostly due to microperforations identified and treated during the intervention, and are therefore of minor clinical relevance. A major disadvantage of ESD is the necessity for high-level endoscopic skills and long procedure times. ESD also has the potential to replace laparoscopic surgery or transanal endoscopic microsurgery mainly due to its lower complication rates.

          Conclusion

          ESD for the resection of larger flat or sessile colorectal lesions has potential advantages over conventional EMR or minimally invasive surgery. Due to the low incidence of early gastric cancer, experience with ESD will remain limited in Western countries. The spread of colorectal ESD will depend on adequate training opportunities and also on modifications yielding a reduction in procedure time.

          Zusammenfassung

          Hintergrund

          Die endoskopische Submukosadissektion (ESD) wurde zur Therapie des Magenfrühkarzinoms in Japan entwickelt. Sie ist auch eine attraktive Methode zur En-bloc-Resektion größerer sessiler oder flacher kolorektaler Adenome.

          Methoden

          In dieser Übersicht wurde die Literatur zur kolorektalen ESD gesichtet und bewertet.

          Ergebnisse

          Im Gegensatz zur konventionellen endoskopischen Mukosaresektion (EMR) ermöglicht die ESD eine deutlich höhere En-bloc-Resektionsrate und weist eine geringere Rezidivrate auf. Die Anzahl der Blutungskomplikationen unterscheidet sich nicht. Die höhere Perforationsrate ist von geringer klinischer Bedeutung, da es sich meist um Mikroperforationen handelt, die bei der ESD erkannt und therapiert werden. Der wesentliche Nachteil der ESD besteht in der deutlich längeren Interventionszeit. Gegenüber minimalinvasiven chirurgischen Therapieformen weist die ESD den Vorteil der geringeren Komplikationsrate auf.

          Schlussfolgerungen

          Die kolorektale ESD hat Vorteile gegenüber der konventionellen EMR und auch gegenüber der minimalinvasiven Chirurgie. Aufgrund der geringen Inzidenz des Magenfrühkarzinoms wird die Erfahrung mit ESD in den westlichen Ländern begrenzt bleiben. Die Verbreitung der kolorektalen ESD wird hierzulande wesentlich von den Trainingsmöglichkeiten und auch von technischen Vereinfachungen abhängen, die eine Reduktion des Zeitbedarfs ermöglichen.

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          Most cited references77

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          The Paris endoscopic classification of superficial neoplastic lesions: esophagus, stomach, and colon: November 30 to December 1, 2002.

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            A prospective, multicenter study of 1111 colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissections (with video).

            Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is accepted as a minimally invasive treatment for early gastric cancer, although it is not widely used in the colorectum because of technical difficulty. To examine the current status of colorectal ESDs at specialized endoscopic treatment centers. Multicenter cohort study using a prospectively completed database at 10 specialized institutions. From June 1998 to February 2008, 1111 colorectal tumors in 1090 patients were treated by ESD. Tumor size, macroscopic type, histology, procedure time, en bloc and curative resection rates and complications. Included in the 1111 tumors were 356 tubular adenomas, 519 intramucosal cancers, 112 superficial submucosal (SM) cancers, 101 SM deep cancers, 18 carcinoid tumors, 1 mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, and 4 serrated lesions. Macroscopic types included 956 laterally spreading tumors, 30 depressed, 62 protruded, 44 recurrent, and 19 SM tumors. The en bloc and curative resection rates were 88% and 89%, respectively. The mean procedure time ± standard deviation was 116 ± 88 minutes with a mean tumor size of 35 ± 18 mm. Perforations occurred in 54 cases (4.9%) with 4 cases of delayed perforation (0.4%) and 17 cases of postoperative bleeding (1.5%). Two immediate perforations with ineffective endoscopic clipping and 3 delayed perforations required emergency surgery. Tumor size of 50 mm or larger was an independent risk factor for complications, whereas a large number of ESDs performed at an institution decreased the risk of complications. No long-term outcome data. ESD performed by experienced endoscopists is an effective alternative treatment to surgery, providing high en bloc and curative resection rates for large superficial colorectal tumors. Copyright © 2010 American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy. Published by Mosby, Inc. All rights reserved.
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              Incomplete polyp resection during colonoscopy-results of the complete adenoma resection (CARE) study.

              Although the adenoma detection rate is used as a measure of colonoscopy quality, there are limited data on the quality of endoscopic resection of detected adenomas. We determined the rate of incompletely resected neoplastic polyps in clinical practice. We performed a prospective study on 1427 patients who underwent colonoscopy at 2 medical centers and had at least 1 nonpedunculated polyp (5-20 mm). After polyp removal was considered complete macroscopically, biopsies were obtained from the resection margin. The main outcome was the percentage of incompletely resected neoplastic polyps (incomplete resection rate [IRR]) determined by the presence of neoplastic tissue in post-polypectomy biopsies. Associations between IRR and polyp size, morphology, histology, and endoscopist were assessed by regression analysis. Of 346 neoplastic polyps (269 patients; 84.0% men; mean age, 63.4 years) removed by 11 gastroenterologists, 10.1% were incompletely resected. IRR increased with polyp size and was significantly higher for large (10-20 mm) than small (5-9 mm) neoplastic polyps (17.3% vs 6.8%; relative risk = 2.1), and for sessile serrated adenomas/polyps than for conventional adenomas (31.0% vs 7.2%; relative risk = 3.7). The IRR for endoscopists with at least 20 polypectomies ranged from 6.5% to 22.7%; there was a 3.4-fold difference between the highest and lowest IRR after adjusting for size and sessile serrated histology. Neoplastic polyps are often incompletely resected, and the rate of incomplete resection varies broadly among endoscopists. Incomplete resection might contribute to the development of colon cancers after colonoscopy (interval cancers). Efforts are needed to ensure complete resection, especially of larger lesions. ClinicalTrials.gov Number: NCT01224444. Copyright © 2013 AGA Institute. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Viszeralmedizin
                Viszeralmedizin
                VIM
                Viszeralmedizin
                S. Karger Verlag für Medizin und Naturwissenschaften GmbH (Wilhelmstrasse 20A, P.O. Box · Postfach · Case postale, D-79095, Freiburg, Germany · Deutschland · Allemagne, Phone: +49 761 45 20 70, Fax: +49 761 4 52 07 14, information@karger.de )
                1662-6664
                1662-6672
                February 2014
                3 February 2014
                1 February 2015
                : 30
                : 1
                : 39-44
                Affiliations
                [1] aDepartment of Medicine and Gastroenterology, Bonn, Germany
                [2] bDepartment of General and Abdominal Surgery, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Bonn, Bonn, Germany
                [3] cInstitute for Pathology Bonn-Duisdorf, Bonn, Germany
                Author notes
                *Prof. Dr. Franz Ludwig Dumoulin, Abteilung für Innere Medizin, Gemeinschaftskrankenhaus Bonn, Bonner Talweg 4-6, 53113 Bonn, Germany, f.dumoulin@ 123456gk-bonn.de
                Article
                vim-0030-0039
                10.1159/000358529
                4513806
                26288580
                7732a9e0-051e-467c-a647-1c81451284da
                Copyright © 2014 by S. Karger GmbH, Freiburg
                History
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 77, Pages: 6
                Categories
                Review Article · Übersichtsarbeit

                endoscopic submucosal dissection,colorectal adenoma,early colorectal cancer,en bloc resection,perforation,bleeding

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