Measured and Estimated Energy Cost of Constant and Shuttle Running in Soccer Players

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Abstract

Players in team sports like soccer often make acceleration and deceleration movements, which are more energetically demanding than running at constant speed. The first aim of the present study was to estimate this difference in associated energy cost. To this end, we compared the actual energy cost of shuttle running to that of running at constant speed. In addition, since measuring oxygen consumption is not feasible during soccer, the study's second aim was to determine the validity of an indirect approach to estimate energy cost provided by di Prampero et al. (2005) using time-motion data obtained from a tracking system as input.

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Physical and metabolic demands of training and match-play in the elite football player.

Jens Bangsbo, Magni Mohr, Peter Krustrup (2006)

In soccer, the players perform intermittent work. Despite the players performing low-intensity activities for more than 70% of the game, heart rate and body temperature measurements suggest that the average oxygen uptake for elite soccer players is around 70% of maximum (VO(2max). This may be partly explained by the 150 - 250 brief intense actions a top-class player performs during a game, which also indicates that the rates of creatine phosphate (CP) utilization and glycolysis are frequently high during a game. Muscle glycogen is probably the most important substrate for energy production, and fatigue towards the end of a game may be related to depletion of glycogen in some muscle fibres. Blood free-fatty acids (FFAs) increase progressively during a game, partly compensating for the progressive lowering of muscle glycogen. Fatigue also occurs temporarily during matches, but it is still unclear what causes the reduced ability to perform maximally. There are major individual differences in the physical demands of players during a game related to physical capacity and tactical role in the team. These differences should be taken into account when planning the training and nutritional strategies of top-class players, who require a significant energy intake during a week.

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Energy cost and metabolic power in elite soccer: a new match analysis approach.

Cristian Osgnach, Stefano Poser, Riccardo Bernardini … (2010)

Video match analysis is used for the assessment of physical performances of professional soccer players, particularly for the identification of "high intensities" considered as "high running speeds." However, accelerations are also essential elements setting metabolic loads, even when speed is low. We propose a more detailed assessment of soccer players' metabolic demands by video match analysis with the aim of also taking into account accelerations. A recent study showed that accelerated running on a flat terrain is equivalent to running uphill at constant speed, the incline being dictated by the acceleration. Because the energy cost of running uphill is known, this makes it possible to estimate the instantaneous energy cost of accelerated running, the corresponding instantaneous metabolic power, and the overall energy expenditure, provided that the speed (and acceleration) is known. Furthermore, the introduction of individual parameters makes it possible to customize performance profiles, especially as it concerns energy expenditure derived from anaerobic sources. Data from 399 "Serie-A" players (mean +/- SD; age = 27 +/- 4 yr, mass = 75.8 +/- 5.0 kg, stature = 1.80 +/- 0.06 m) were collected during the 2007-2008 season. Mean match distance was 10,950 +/- 1044 m, and average energy expenditure was 61.12 +/- 6.57 kJ x kg(-1). Total distance covered at high power (>20 W x kg(-1)) amounted to 26% and corresponding energy expenditure to approximately 42% of the total. "High intensities" expressed as high-power output are two to three times larger than those based only on running speed. The present approach for the assessment of top-level soccer players match performance through video analysis allowed us to assess instantaneous metabolic power, thus redefining the concept of "high intensity" on the basis of actual metabolic power rather than on speed alone.