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      Don’t get too close to me: depressed and non-depressed survivors of child maltreatment prefer larger comfortable interpersonal distances towards strangers Translated title: ‘No te pongas tan cerca de mi’: los sobrevivientes de maltrato infantil deprimidos y no deprimidos prefieren distancias interpersonales más grandes y cómodas hacia los extraños Translated title: 不要离我太近:抑郁和非抑郁的童年虐待幸存者更喜欢与陌生人保持更大的舒适人际距离

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          ABSTRACT

          Background

          Childhood maltreatment (CM) is frequently linked to interpersonal problems such as difficulties in social relationships, loneliness, and isolation. These difficulties might partly stem from troubles regulating comfortable interpersonal distance (CIPD).

          Objective

          We experimentally investigated whether CM manifests in larger CIPD and whether all subtypes of CM (i.e., physical, emotional, or sexual abuse and physical or emotional neglect) affect CIPD.

          Methods

          Using the stop-distance method (i.e. a team member approached participants until the latter indicated discomfort), we assessed CIPD in 84 adults with a self-reported history of CM (24 with depressive symptoms) and 57 adult controls without a history of CM (without depressive symptoms).

          Results

          Adults with CM showed a larger CIPD ( Mdn = 86 cm) than controls ( Mdn = 68 cm), and CIPD was largest for those with CM combined with current depressive symptoms ( Mdn = 145 cm) ( p’s < .047). In the latter group, all subtypes of CM were associated with a larger CIPD compared to controls ( p’s < .045). In the CM group without depressive symptoms, only those with emotional abuse ( p = .040) showed a larger CIPD than controls.

          Conclusions

          These results add to findings of differential socio-emotional long-term consequences of CM, depending upon the subtype of CM. Future research should explore whether a larger CIPD has a negative impact on social functioning in individuals exposed to CM, particularly in those with depressive symptoms.

          HIGHLIGHTS

          • Adults with child maltreatment (CM) prefer larger physical distances.

            • This effect is more pronounced in those with CM and depressive symptoms.

            • Troubled regulation of physical distance might contribute to interpersonal problems.

          Translated abstract

          Antecedentes:

          El maltrato infantil (CM en su sigla en inglés) se vincula frecuentemente a problemas interpersonales como dificultades en las relaciones sociales, soledad y aislamiento. Estas dificultades pueden deberse en parte a problemas para regular la distancia interpersonal cómoda (CIPD en su sigla en inglés).

          Objetivo:

          Investigamos experimentalmente si CM se manifiesta en mayor CIPD y si todos los subtipos de CM (es decir, abuso físico, emocional o sexual y negligencia física o emocional) afectan la CIPD.

          Método:

          Utilizando el método de distancia de parada (es decir, un miembro del equipo se acercó a los participantes hasta que indicaran malestar), evaluamos la CIPD en 84 adultos con antecedentes autoreportados de CM (24 con síntomas depresivos) y 57 controles adultos sin antecedentes de CM (sin síntomas depresivos).

          Resultados:

          Los adultos con CM mostraron una CIPD mayor ( Mdn = 86 cm) que los controles ( Mdn = 68 cm), y la CIPD fue mayor para aquellos con CM combinado con síntomas depresivos actuales ( Mdn = 145 cm) ( p < .047). En el último grupo, todos los subtipos de CM se asociaron con una CIPD mayor en comparación con los controles ( p < .045). En el grupo de CM sin síntomas depresivos, solo aquellos con maltrato emocional ( p = .040) mostraron una CIPD mayor que los controles.

          Conclusiones:

          Estos resultados se suman a los hallazgos de las consecuencias socioemocionales diferenciales a largo plazo del CM, según el subtipo. La investigación futura debería explorar si una CIPD mayor tiene un impacto negativo en el funcionamiento social en individuos expuestos a CM, particularmente en aquellos con síntomas depresivos.

          Translated abstract

          背景: 儿童虐待 (CM) 经常与人际关系问题有关,例如社会关系困难、孤独和孤立。这些困难可能部分源于调节舒适人际距离(CIPD)的困难。

          目的: 我们通过实验研究了 CM 是否表现出在更大的 CIPD,以及 CM 所有亚型(即身体、情感或性虐待以及身体或情感忽视)是否都会影响 CIPD。

          方法: 使用停止距离法(即,一名团队成员接近参与者,直到后者表示不适),我们评估了 84 名有自我报告 CM 史的成年组(24 名有抑郁症状)和 57 名没有CM史的成人对照组的 CIPD(没有抑郁症状)。

          结果: CM 成人组的 CIPD ( Mdn = 86 cm) 比对照组 ( Mdn = 68 cm) 大,CM 合并当前抑郁症状的 CIPD 最大 ( Mdn = 145 cm) ( p < .047)。在后一组中,与对照组相比,CM 的所有亚型都与更大的 CIPD 相关( p < .045)。在没有抑郁症状的 CM 组中,只有那些有情绪虐待的人 ( p = .040) 表现出比对照组更大的 CIPD。

          结论: 这些结果增加了 CM 不同社会情感长期后果的发现,取决于 CM 的亚型。未来的研究应该探索更大的 CIPD 是否对暴露于 CM 个体的社会功能产生负面影响,尤其是那些有抑郁症状的个体。

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          Most cited references70

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          Development and validation of a brief screening version of the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire

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              Childhood adversity and neural development: deprivation and threat as distinct dimensions of early experience.

              A growing body of research has examined the impact of childhood adversity on neural structure and function. Advances in our understanding of the neurodevelopmental consequences of adverse early environments require the identification of dimensions of environmental experience that influence neural development differently and mechanisms other than the frequently-invoked stress pathways. We propose a novel conceptual framework that differentiates between deprivation (absence of expected environmental inputs and complexity) and threat (presence of experiences that represent a threat to one's physical integrity) and make predictions grounded in basic neuroscience principles about their distinct effects on neural development. We review animal research on fear learning and sensory deprivation as well as human research on childhood adversity and neural development to support these predictions. We argue that these previously undifferentiated dimensions of experience exert strong and distinct influences on neural development that cannot be fully explained by prevailing models focusing only on stress pathways. Our aim is not to exhaustively review existing evidence on childhood adversity and neural development, but to provide a novel framework to guide future research.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                Eur J Psychotraumatol
                European Journal of Psychotraumatology
                Taylor & Francis
                2000-8066
                30 May 2022
                2022
                30 May 2022
                : 13
                : 1
                : 2066457
                Affiliations
                [a ]Medical Faculty, University of Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
                [b ]Department of Consultation-Liaison Psychiatry and Psychosomatic Medicine, University Hospital Zurich , Zürich, Switzerland
                [c ]Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University , Östersund, Sweden
                Author notes
                [CONTACT ] Monique Pfaltz monique.pfaltz@ 123456miun.se Department of Psychology and Social Work, Mid Sweden University , Kunskapens väg 1, Östersund, Sweden

                Supplemental data for this article can be accessed online at https://doi.org/10.1080/20008198.2022.2066457.

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3889-1000
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1976-3852
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1727-2374
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3556-7990
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6910-521X
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4030-4514
                Article
                2066457
                10.1080/20008198.2022.2066457
                9359181
                35957629
                7801adbd-7e68-4308-9201-bd512e2c52ca
                © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/), which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 2, Equations: 0, References: 73, Pages: 12
                Categories
                Basic Research Article
                Research Article

                Clinical Psychology & Psychiatry
                personal space,abuse,neglect,social functioning,depressive symptoms,espacio personal,abuso,abandono,funcionamiento social,síntomas depresivos,个人空间,虐待,忽视,社会功能,抑郁症状

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