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      Uso de extrato de levedura como fonte de carbono e de mediadores redox, para a degradação anaeróbia de corante azo Translated title: Use of yeast extract as source of carbon and redox mediators for the anaerobic degradation of azo dyes

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          Abstract

          O trabalho investigou a influência do uso do extrato de levedura, fonte dos mediadores redox riboflavina e nicotinamida, na remoção de cor de solução de corante azo Drimaren Azul HF-RL em condições anaeróbias. O trabalho envolveu a execução de ensaios em batelada, em frascos-reatores mantidos a 25 ºC, incubados com o azo-corante e lodo anaeróbio na presença e ausência de fontes de carbono (extrato de levedura ou glicose) e de mediadores redox (riboflavina ou extrato de levedura). O monitoramento da variação temporal de cor, a demanda química de oxigênio (DQO) e ácidos graxos voláteis (AGV) mostraram que a adição de extrato de levedura (0,5 g/L) resultou em eficiências de remoção de cor de 80 a 85% nas primeiras 24 horas de incubação, e que os produtos da degradação do azo-corante foram tóxicos para todo o consórcio anaeróbio, o que resultou em baixas eficiências de remoção de DQO na presença e ausência do extrato de levedura. Os resultados indicaram, ainda, que as eficiências de remoção de cor foram inferiores a 30% na presença de apenas glicose (fonte de carbono) ou riboflavina (mediador redox), indicando que o extrato de levedura atuou simultaneamente como fonte de carbono e de mediadores redox.

          Translated abstract

          This paper investigated the influence of using yeast extract, which is the source of redox mediators riboflavin and nicotinamide, in the decolorization of solutions containing the azo dye Drimaren Blue HF-RL in anaerobic conditions. It involved the incubation of serum bottles kept at 25 ºC and inoculated with the azo-dye, and anaerobic sludge in the presence and absence of carbon source (glucose or yeast extract) and redox mediators (riboflavin and yeast extract). The monitoring of color, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and volatile fatty acids (VFA) showed that the addition of yeast extract (0.5 g/L) resulted in 80 to 85% color removal in the first 24 hours of incubation; and that the metabolites of dye degradation were toxic to the anaerobic microorganisms, which led to low COD removal efficiencies either in the presence or absence of yeast extract. The results also showed that the efficiencies of color removal were below 30% in the presence of only glucose or riboflavin, indicating that the yeast extract acted simultaneously as source of carbon and redox mediators.

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          Basic and applied aspects in the microbial degradation of azo dyes.

          Lori Stolz (2001)
          Azo dyes are the most important group of synthetic colorants. They are generally considered as xenobiotic compounds that are very recalcitrant against biodegradative processes. Nevertheless, during the last few years it has been demonstrated that several microorganisms are able, under certain environmental conditions, to transform azo dyes to non-colored products or even to completely mineralize them. Thus, various lignolytic fungi were shown to decolorize azo dyes using ligninases, manganese peroxidases or laccases. For some model dyes, the degradative pathways have been investigated and a true mineralization to carbon dioxide has been shown. The bacterial metabolism of azo dyes is initiated in most cases by a reductive cleavage of the azo bond, which results in the formation of (usually colorless) amines. These reductive processes have been described for some aerobic bacteria, which can grow with (rather simple) azo compounds. These specifically adapted microorganisms synthesize true azoreductases, which reductively cleave the azo group in the presence of molecular oxygen. Much more common is the reductive cleavage of azo dyes under anaerobic conditions. These reactions usually occur with rather low specific activities but are extremely unspecific with regard to the organisms involved and the dyes converted. In these unspecific anaerobic processes, low-molecular weight redox mediators (e.g. flavins or quinones) which are enzymatically reduced by the cells (or chemically by bulk reductants in the environment) are very often involved. These reduced mediator compounds reduce the azo group in a purely chemical reaction. The (sulfonated) amines that are formed in the course of these reactions may be degraded aerobically. Therefore, several (laboratory-scale) continuous anaerobic/aerobic processes for the treatment of wastewaters containing azo dyes have recently been described.
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            Anaerobic Biotechnology for Industrial Waste-waters

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              Application of redox mediators to accelerate the transformation of reactive azo dyes in anaerobic bioreactors.

              Azo dyes are nonspecifically reduced under anaerobic conditions but the slow rates at which reactive azo dyes are converted presents a serious problem for the application of anaerobic technology as a first stage in the complete biodegradation of these compounds. As quinones have been found to catalyze reductive transfers by acting as redox mediators, the application of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonic acid (AQDS) during continuous anaerobic treatment of the reactive azo dye, Reactive Red 2 (RR2), was evaluated. A mixture of volatile fatty acids was used as the electron-donating primary substrate. Batch experiments demonstrated that AQDS could increase the first-order rate constant of RR2 reductive cleavage by one order of magnitude. In the continuous experiment, treatment of RR2 containing synthetic wastewater in a lab-scale upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB) reactor yielded low dye removal efficiencies (<30%). Consequently, severe toxicity problems occurred, eventually resulting in almost complete inhibition of the methanogenic activity. Addition of catalytic concentrations of AQDS (19 microM) to the reactor influent caused an immediate increase in the dye removal efficiency and recovery of biological activity. Ultimately, RR2 removal efficiency stabilized at 88%, and higher AQDS loads resulted in higher RR2 removal efficiencies (up to 98% at 155 microM AQDS). Examination of the RR2 decolorizing properties of dye-adapted reactor sludge and of nonadapted reactor seed sludge revealed that RR2 decolorization was principally a biologically driven transfer of reducing equivalents from endogenous and added substrates to the dye. Hydrogen, added in bulk, was clearly the preferred electron donor. Bacteria that couple dye decolorization to hydrogen oxidation were naturally present in seed sludge. However, enrichment was required for the utilization of electrons from volatile fatty acids for dye reduction. The stimulatory effect of AQDS on RR2 decolorization by AQDS-unadapted sludge was mainly due to assisting the electron transfer from endogenous substrates in the sludge to the dye. The stimulatory effect of AQDS on RR2 decolorization by sludge from the AQDS-exposed reactor was, in addition, strongly associated with the transfer of electrons from hydrogen and acetate to the dye, probably due to enrichment of specialized AQDS-reducing bacteria. Copyright 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                esa
                Engenharia Sanitaria e Ambiental
                Eng. Sanit. Ambient.
                Associação Brasileira de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental - ABES (Rio de Janeiro )
                1809-4457
                December 2009
                : 14
                : 4
                : 559-568
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Brazil
                [2 ] Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Brazil
                [3 ] Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto Brazil
                Article
                S1413-41522009000400016
                10.1590/S1413-41522009000400016
                78357535-62d4-4e5f-a6bc-e2c87be9104b

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=1413-4152&lng=en
                Categories
                WATER RESOURCES

                Oceanography & Hydrology
                yeast extract,redox mediators,azo-dyes,volatile fatty acids,anaerobic treatment,industrial effluent,extrato de levedura,mediadores redox,corantes azo,ácidos graxos voláteis,tratamento anaeróbio,efluente industrial

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