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      No relationship between prenatal androgen exposure and autistic traits: convergent evidence from studies of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia and of amniotic testosterone concentrations in typically developing children

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          Abstract

          There is a marked male preponderance in autism spectrum conditions. The extreme male brain theory and the fetal androgen theory of autism suggest that elevated prenatal testosterone exposure is a key contributor to autistic traits. The current paper reports findings from two separate studies that test this hypothesis.

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          Sex differences in the brain: implications for explaining autism.

          Simon Baron-Cohen, Rebecca C. Knickmeyer, Matthew K Belmonte (2005)
          Empathizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of agents (usually people) by inferring their mental states and responding to these with an appropriate emotion. Systemizing is the capacity to predict and to respond to the behavior of nonagentive deterministic systems by analyzing input-operation-output relations and inferring the rules that govern such systems. At a population level, females are stronger empathizers and males are stronger systemizers. The "extreme male brain" theory posits that autism represents an extreme of the male pattern (impaired empathizing and enhanced systemizing). Here we suggest that specific aspects of autistic neuroanatomy may also be extremes of typical male neuroanatomy.
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            The extreme male brain theory of autism.

            Simon Baron-Cohen (2002)
            The key mental domains in which sex differences have traditionally been studied are verbal and spatial abilities. In this article I suggest that two neglected dimensions for understanding human sex differences are 'empathising' and 'systemising'. The male brain is a defined psychometrically as those individuals in whom systemising is significantly better than empathising, and the female brain is defined as the opposite cognitive profile. Using these definitions, autism can be considered as an extreme of the normal male profile. There is increasing psychological evidence for the extreme male brain theory of autism.
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              The Autism Spectrum Quotient: Children's Version (AQ-Child).

              Sally Wheelwright, Bonnie Auyeung, Simon Baron-Cohen … (2008)
              The Autism Spectrum Quotient-Children's Version (AQ-Child) is a parent-report questionnaire that aims to quantify autistic traits in children 4-11 years old. The range of scores on the AQ-Child is 0-150. It was administered to children with an autism spectrum condition (ASC) (n = 540) and a general population sample (n = 1,225). Results showed a significant difference in scores between those with an ASC diagnosis and the general population. Receiver-operating-characteristic analyses showed that using a cut-off score of 76, the AQ-Child has high sensitivity (95%) and specificity (95%). The AQ-Child showed good test-retest reliability and high internal consistency. Factor analysis provided support for four of the five AQ-Child design subscales. Future studies should evaluate how the AQ-C performs in population screening.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry
                Abbreviated Title: J Child Psychol Psychiatr
                Publisher: Wiley
                ISSN: 00219630
                Publication date Created: December 2016
                Publication date (Print): December 2016
                Publication date (Electronic): July 27 2016
                Volume: 57
                Issue: 12
                Pages: 1455-1462
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
                [2 ]Department of Paediatrics; University of Cambridge; Cambridge UK
                [3 ]Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology; Imperial College London; London UK
                [4 ]School of Medicine and Dentistry; University of Rochester Medical Center; Rochester NY USA
                [5 ]Department of Paediatric Endocrinology; University College London; London UK
                Article
                DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12602
                PMC ID: 6100761
                PubMed ID: 27460188
                SO-VID: 79286c5b-693f-4de3-b22e-eab1d2df867e
                Copyright © © 2016
                License:

                http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/tdm_license_1.1

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