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      Susceptibilidad del suelo al impacto humano: caso del herbicida atrazina Translated title: Susceptibility of soil to human impact: case fo the atrazine herbicide

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          Abstract

          Resumen El uso inadecuado de sustancias químicas como los herbicidas, así como las prácticas de manejo agrícola, son sólo algunas de las actividades humanas que han provocado el deterioro del recurso suelo durante el Antropoceno. La atrazina es el herbicida más utilizado en el cultivo de maíz (Zea mays) alrededor del mundo, ya que mejora de forma importante los rendimientos agrícolas, sin embargo, también constituye un factor de riesgo de contaminación ambiental y para la salud humana. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la capacidad de adsorción - desorción del herbicida atrazina en tres tipos de suelo bajo diferente manejo agrícola: (i) Andosol, agricultura de temporal; (ii) Feozem, labranza convencional (LC) y labranza cero (LZ); y (iii) Vertisol, de temporal (VT), y con diferente número de años bajo riego con agua residual (V56 y V100). Se realizaron experimentos estándar en lote en muestras de suelo con y sin materia orgánica (MO) para cada tipo de suelo y se obtuvieron los coeficientes de distribución (Kd) correspondientes. La capacidad de adsorción fue mayor en las muestras de suelo con MO, obteniéndose el valor más alto en el Andosol (19 L/kg), después en el Vertisol (3 a 11 L/kg) y el más bajo en el Feozem (1 L/kg). Sin embargo, la mayor afinidad del herbicida por la fracción orgánica del suelo, no sólo está relacionada con su contenido, sino también con su composición química (grado de aromaticidad), misma que depende en gran medida de las prácticas de manejo agrícola de cada tipo de suelo. Actividades como: la rotación de cultivos, la incorporación de los residuos al final del ciclo de cultivo, el uso de agua residual para riego y el tipo de labranza realizada, son factores que inciden en la calidad de la MO del suelo y por lo tanto en la retención de atrazina, lo cual contribuye en la función amortiguadora del suelo y en el destino ambiental del herbicida.

          Translated abstract

          Abstract Soil deterioration during the Anthropocene is a result of human activities such as misuse of chemical compounds like herbicides and inadequate agricultural management practices. Atrazine is the most widely used herbicide in maize (Zea mays) crops around the world. Its application is used for improving agricultural yields. However, it also represents a risk factor towards environmental contamination and human health. The objective of this work was to evaluate the adsorption-desorption capacity of atrazine in three types of soils under different agricultural management: (i) Andosol under rainfed agriculture; (ii) Phaeozem under conventional tillage (LC) and under zero tillage (LZ); and (iii) Vertisol under rainfed agriculture (VT), and Vertisols irrigated with raw wastewater during 56 and 100 years (V56 and V100). Standard batch experiments were performed on samples of each soil type with and without organic matter (OM). Adsorption capacity was higher in the soil samples containing OM. The following distribution coefficients (Kd) were obtained: the highest Kd value was obtained in the Andosol (19 L/kg), followed by the Vertisol (3 to 11 L/kg), and the lowest was in the Phaeozem (1 L/kg). We found that the larger affinity of the herbicide for the organic fraction of the soil is not only related to the organic content, but also due to its chemical composition (degree of aromaticity). This depends mainly upon the agricultural management practices such as crop rotation and the incorporation of residues at the end of the crop cycle. Also, the use of wastewater during irrigation and the type of tillage performed are additional factors that affect the quality of soil organic matter. Therefore, the atrazine retention capacity of the soil, contributes to the soil buffering function and to the environmental destination of the herbicide.

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          The future of biodiversity.

          Recent extinction rates are 100 to 1000 times their pre-human levels in well-known, but taxonomically diverse groups from widely different environments. If all species currently deemed "threatened" become extinct in the next century, then future extinction rates will be 10 times recent rates. Some threatened species will survive the century, but many species not now threatened will succumb. Regions rich in species found only within them (endemics) dominate the global patterns of extinction. Although new technology provides details of habitat losses, estimates of future extinctions are hampered by our limited knowledge of which areas are rich in endemics.
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            The macromolecular organic composition of plant and microbial residues as inputs to soil organic matter

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              Soil health in agricultural systems.

              Soil health is presented as an integrative property that reflects the capacity of soil to respond to agricultural intervention, so that it continues to support both the agricultural production and the provision of other ecosystem services. The major challenge within sustainable soil management is to conserve ecosystem service delivery while optimizing agricultural yields. It is proposed that soil health is dependent on the maintenance of four major functions: carbon transformations; nutrient cycles; soil structure maintenance; and the regulation of pests and diseases. Each of these functions is manifested as an aggregate of a variety of biological processes provided by a diversity of interacting soil organisms under the influence of the abiotic soil environment. Analysis of current models of the soil community under the impact of agricultural interventions (particularly those entailing substitution of biological processes with fossil fuel-derived energy or inputs) confirms the highly integrative pattern of interactions within each of these functions and leads to the conclusion that measurement of individual groups of organisms, processes or soil properties does not suffice to indicate the state of the soil health. A further conclusion is that quantifying the flow of energy and carbon between functions is an essential but non-trivial task for the assessment and management of soil health.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                bsgm
                Boletín de la Sociedad Geológica Mexicana
                Bol. Soc. Geol. Mex
                Sociedad Geológica Mexicana, A.C. (México, DF, Mexico )
                1405-3322
                2018
                : 70
                : 1
                : 95-119
                Affiliations
                [1] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Geología Mexico
                [3] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Facultad de Química Mexico
                [4] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Geología Mexico
                [2] Ciudad de México orgnameUniversidad Nacional Autónoma de México orgdiv1Instituto de Geología Mexico
                Article
                S1405-33222018000100095
                10.18268/bsgm2018v70n1a6
                796e512d-e58a-4788-a482-c9bd5e3baa45

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 14 December 2016
                : 08 August 2017
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 120, Pages: 25
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Artículos

                Atrazina,adsorción-desorción,materia orgánica del suelo,manejo agrícola,Andosol,Feozem,Vertisol,Atrazine,adsorption-desorption,soil organic matter,agricultural management,Phaeozem

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