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      Complejo enzimático citocromo P450 monooxigenasa en plantas Translated title: Cytochrom P450 monooxygenase enzymatic complex in plants

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          Abstract

          El complejo enzimático citocromo P450 monooxigenasa se caracteriza por presentar un grupo Hemo y máxima absorción de luz a los 450 nm. El P450 se encuentra en distintos órganos de las plantas en bajas concentraciones, desempeña funciones en la biosíntesis de diversos metabolitos como ácidos grasos, fenilpropanoides, alcaloides y terpenoides. Además, participa en los procesos de producción de metabolitos de defensa y transformación de herbicidas. El empleo de técnicas moleculares, ha permitido la inserción de genes del P450 de mamíferos en vegetales, para favorecer la tolerancia a herbicidas. La presente aportación es una revisión bibliográfica sobre el potencial biotecnológico del complejo enzimático P450.

          Translated abstract

          The enzymatic complex cytochrome P450 monooxigenase main characteristics are to have a Hemo group and a maximum absorption at 450 nm. The P450 is found at low concentrations in different plant structures carrying out functions in the biosynthesis of fatty acids, phenylpropanoids, alkaloids and terpenoides. Additionally, the P450 complex participates in the production of substances of defense and transformation of herbicides. The use of molecular techniques, has allowed the insertion of genes of P450 complex of mammals into plants, favoring herbicide tolerance. The present contribution is a bibliographic review of the biotechnological potential of the enzymatic complex cytochrome P450 monooxigenase.

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          Most cited references75

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          BRASSINOSTEROIDS: Essential Regulators of Plant Growth and Development.

          Brassinosteroids (BRs) are growth-promoting natural products found at low levels in pollen, seeds, and young vegetative tissues throughout the plant kingdom. Detailed studies of BR biosynthesis and metabolism, coupled with the recent identification of BR-insensitive and BR-deficient mutants, has greatly expanded our view of steroids as signals controlling plant growth and development. This review examines the microchemical and molecular genetic analyses that have provided convincing evidence for an essential role of BRs in diverse developmental programs, including cell expansion, vascular differentiation, etiolation, and reproductive development. Recent advances relevant to the molecular mechanisms of BR-regulated gene expression and BR signal transduction are also discussed.
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            Arabidopsis CYP707As encode (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase, a key enzyme in the oxidative catabolism of abscisic acid.

            Abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in a number of critical processes in normal growth and development as well as in adaptive responses to environmental stresses. For correct and accurate actions, a physiologically active ABA level is controlled through fine-tuning of de novo biosynthesis and catabolism. The hydroxylation at the 8'-position of ABA is known as the key step of ABA catabolism, and this reaction is catalyzed by ABA 8'-hydroxylase, a cytochrome P450. Here, we demonstrate CYP707As as the P450 responsible for the 8'-hydroxylation of (+)-ABA. First, all four CYP707A cDNAs were cloned from Arabidopsis and used for the production of the recombinant proteins in insect cells using a baculovirus system. The insect cells expressing CYP707A3 efficiently metabolized (+)-ABA to yield phaseic acid, the isomerized form of 8'-hydroxy-ABA. The microsomes from the insect cells exhibited very strong activity of 8'-hydroxylation of (+)-ABA (K(m) = 1.3 microm and k(cat) = 15 min(-1)). The solubilized CYP707A3 protein bound (+)-ABA with the binding constant K(s) = 3.5 microm, but did not bind (-)-ABA. Detailed analyses of the reaction products confirmed that CYP707A3 does not have the isomerization activity of 8'-hydroxy-ABA to phaseic acid. Further experiments revealed that Arabidopsis CYP707A1 and CYP707A4 also encode ABA 8'-hydroxylase. The transcripts of the CYP707A genes increased in response to salt, osmotic, and dehydration stresses as well as ABA. These results establish that the CYP707A family plays a key role in regulating the ABA level through the 8'-hydroxylation of (+)-ABA.
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              C6-volatiles derived from the lipoxygenase pathway induce a subset of defense-related genes.

              Six-Carbon (C6-) volatiles, including the aldehydes trans-2-hexenal, hexanal and cis-3-hexenal, as well as their corresponding alcohols, are produced from damaged or wounded plant tissue as a product of the enzymatic activity of hydroperoxide lyase (HPL), a component of the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Aerial treatment of Arabidopsis seedlings with 10 microM concentrations of trans-2-hexenal induces several genes known to be involved in the plant's defense response, including phenylpropanoid-related genes as well as genes of the LOX pathway. Genes encoding the pathogenesis-related proteins PR-1 or PR-2, however, were not induced. Trans-2-hexenal induction thus closely mimics the group of genes induced by methyl jasmonate (MeJA), also a LOX-derived volatile. However, unlike MeJA, trans-2-hexenal did not induce hydroxymethylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase (HMGR) or thionin2-1. The inductive effect seemed to be limited to C6-related volatiles, as C8-, C9- and other related volatiles did not induce LOX mRNA levels. As has been demonstrated for MeJA, trans-2-hexenal quantitatively reduced wild-type seed germination. Trans-2-hexenal also reduced the germination frequency of the MeJA resistant Arabidopsis mutant, jar1-1, supporting the notion that trans-2-hexenal and MeJA are recognized via different mechanisms. In addition, trans-2-hexenal had a moderate inhibitory effect on root length relative to similar concentrations of MeJA and was approximately 10-fold less effective than MeJA at inducing anthocyanin accumulation in Arabidopsis seedlings. These results suggest that C6-volatiles of the LOX pathway act as a wound signal in plants, but result in a moderate plant response relative to MeJA at both the physiological and molecular level.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                agritm
                Agricultura técnica en México
                Agric. Téc. Méx
                Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Forestales, Agrícolas y Pecuarias (México, DF, Mexico )
                0568-2517
                June 2009
                : 35
                : 2
                : 225-231
                Affiliations
                [01] Mérida Yucatán orgnameInstituto Politécnico Nacional orgdiv1Unidad Mérida orgdiv2Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados México
                Article
                S0568-25172009000200010 S0568-2517(09)03500200010
                7a52c2db-5751-4460-b6ab-b8c9edb17625

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 3.0 International License.

                History
                : February 2009
                : February 2008
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 53, Pages: 7
                Product

                SciELO Mexico

                Categories
                Ensayo

                herbicides, plant,tolerance,metabolite biosynthesis,tolerancia,herbicida, planta,biosíntesis de metabolitos

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