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      The Cannabis Dilemma: A Review of Its Associated Risks and Clinical Efficacy

      review-article
      Author(s): 1 , * , 2
      Publication date (Electronic):
      Journal: Journal of Addiction
      Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation

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          Abstract

          Cannabis, also known as marijuana, has 9-tetrahydrocannabinol as the main constituent. There has been strict legislation governing the utilization of cannabis locally and worldwide. However, there has been an increasing push to make cannabis legalized, in view of its potential medical and therapeutic effects, for various medical disorders ranging from development disorders to cancer treatment, and being an adjunctive medication for various neurological conditions. It is the aim of this review paper to explore the evidence base for its proposed therapeutic efficacy and to compare the evidence base supporting its proposed therapeutic efficacy with its known and well-researched medical and psychiatric side effects.

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          The association between cannabis use and depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies

          K. McKenzie, T. P. George, B. Le Foll … (2014)
          Longitudinal studies reporting the association between cannabis use and developing depression provide mixed results. The objective of this study was to establish the extent to which different patterns of use of cannabis are associated with the development of depression using meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.
          Article 0 comments Cited 176 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Cannabis in painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy: a randomized placebo-controlled trial.

            D I Abrams, C. A. Jay, S. B. Shade … (2007)
            To determine the effect of smoked cannabis on the neuropathic pain of HIV-associated sensory neuropathy and an experimental pain model. Prospective randomized placebo-controlled trial conducted in the inpatient General Clinical Research Center between May 2003 and May 2005 involving adults with painful HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. Patients were randomly assigned to smoke either cannabis (3.56% tetrahydrocannabinol) or identical placebo cigarettes with the cannabinoids extracted three times daily for 5 days. Primary outcome measures included ratings of chronic pain and the percentage achieving >30% reduction in pain intensity. Acute analgesic and anti-hyperalgesic effects of smoked cannabis were assessed using a cutaneous heat stimulation procedure and the heat/capsaicin sensitization model. Fifty patients completed the entire trial. Smoked cannabis reduced daily pain by 34% (median reduction; IQR = -71, -16) vs 17% (IQR = -29, 8) with placebo (p = 0.03). Greater than 30% reduction in pain was reported by 52% in the cannabis group and by 24% in the placebo group (p = 0.04). The first cannabis cigarette reduced chronic pain by a median of 72% vs 15% with placebo (p < 0.001). Cannabis reduced experimentally induced hyperalgesia to both brush and von Frey hair stimuli (p < or = 0.05) but appeared to have little effect on the painfulness of noxious heat stimulation. No serious adverse events were reported. Smoked cannabis was well tolerated and effectively relieved chronic neuropathic pain from HIV-associated sensory neuropathy. The findings are comparable to oral drugs used for chronic neuropathic pain.
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              Cannabis and anxiety: a critical review of the evidence.

              Rocio Martin, Philip McGuire, Paolo Fusar-Poli … (2009)
              Anxiety reactions and panic attacks are the acute symptoms most frequently associated with cannabis use. Understanding the relationship between cannabis and anxiety may clarify the mechanism of action of cannabis and the pathophysiology of anxiety. Aims of the present study were to review the nature of the relationship between cannabis use and anxiety, as well as the possible clinical, diagnostic and causal implications. Systematic review of the Medline, PsycLIT and EMBASE literature. Frequent cannabis users consistently have a high prevalence of anxiety disorders and patients with anxiety disorders have relatively high rates of cannabis use. However, it is unclear if cannabis use increases the risk of developing long-lasting anxiety disorders. Many hypotheses have been proposed in an attempt to explain these relationships, including neurobiological, environmental and social influences. The precise relationship between cannabis use and anxiety has yet to be established. Research is needed to fully clarify the mechanisms of such the association.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Addict
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Addict
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JAD
                Title: Journal of Addiction
                Publisher: Hindawi Publishing Corporation
                ISSN (Print): 2090-7834
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-7850
                Publication date (Print): 2015
                Publication date (Electronic): 11 October 2015
                Volume: 2015
                Electronic Location Identifier: 707596
                Affiliations
                1National Addiction Management Service, Institute of Mental Health, Singapore 539747
                2Department of Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119054
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Jennifer B. Unger

                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2015/707596
                PMC ID: 4619948
                SO-VID: 7a6ecdea-007c-4f6f-8c78-1c83674874cd
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 M. W. Zhang and R. C. M. Ho.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 1 June 2015
                Date accepted : 16 September 2015
                Categories
                Subject: Review Article

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