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      Intima-Media Thickness Measurements of the Common Carotid Artery in Patients with Central Serous Chorioretinopathy: A Case-Control Study

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          To evaluate the intima-media thickness (IMT) of the left and right common carotid arteries (CCA) as an indicator of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR).

          Methods

          This was a case-control study involving patients with CSCR and a matched healthy control group. The mean and difference of the left and right CCA IMT were determined and compared between the two groups using carotid duplex high-resolution B-mode ultrasound equipment.

          Results

          The study enrolled 32 CSCR patients (68.8% female, mean age 38.22 ± 5.42 years) and 32 controls (65.6% female, mean age 39.56 ± 5.33 years). The difference in common carotid IMT between the right and left sides was significantly greater in the CSCR group than in the control group ( p < 0.001). Additionally, according to logistic regression analysis, patients with CSCR had a greater chance of having differences in IMT between the two sides when compared to the control group (OR: 1.29, 95% CI: 1.09–1.52).

          Conclusion

          Our findings indicated that in the CSCR group, the difference between the right and left sides of CCA IMT was significantly greater than in the control group.

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          Most cited references37

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          Multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis: objectives and design.

          D E Bild (2002)
          The Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis was initiated in July 2000 to investigate the prevalence, correlates, and progression of subclinical cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a population-based sample of 6,500 men and women aged 45-84 years. The cohort will be selected from six US field centers. Approximately 38% of the cohort will be White, 28% African-American, 23% Hispanic, and 11% Asian (of Chinese descent). Baseline measurements will include measurement of coronary calcium using computed tomography; measurement of ventricular mass and function using cardiac magnetic resonance imaging; measurement of flow-mediated brachial artery endothelial vasodilation, carotid intimal-medial wall thickness, and distensibility of the carotid arteries using ultrasonography; measurement of peripheral vascular disease using ankle and brachial blood pressures; electrocardiography; and assessments of microalbuminuria, standard CVD risk factors, sociodemographic factors, life habits, and psychosocial factors. Blood samples will be assayed for putative biochemical risk factors and stored for use in nested case-control studies. DNA will be extracted and lymphocytes will be immortalized for genetic studies. Measurement of selected subclinical disease indicators and risk factors will be repeated for the study of progression over 7 years. Participants will be followed through 2008 for identification and characterization of CVD events, including acute myocardial infarction and other coronary heart disease, stroke, peripheral vascular disease, and congestive heart failure; therapeutic interventions for CVD; and mortality.
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            Prediction of clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

            Matthias Lorenz, Hugh Markus, Michiel L. Bots … (2007)
            Carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) is increasingly used as a surrogate marker for atherosclerosis. Its use relies on its ability to predict future clinical cardiovascular end points. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of data to examine this association. Using a prespecified search strategy, we identified 8 relevant studies and compared study design, measurement protocols, and reported data. We identified sources of heterogeneity between studies. The assumption of a linear relationship between IMT and risk was challenged by use of a graphical technique. To obtain a pooled estimate of the relative risk per IMT difference, we performed a meta-analysis based on random effects models. The age- and sex-adjusted overall estimates of the relative risk of myocardial infarction were 1.26 (95% CI, 1.21 to 1.30) per 1-standard deviation common carotid artery IMT difference and 1.15 (95% CI, 1.12 to 1.17) per 0.10-mm common carotid artery IMT difference. The age- and sex-adjusted relative risks of stroke were 1.32 (95% CI, 1.27 to 1.38) per 1-standard deviation common carotid artery IMT difference and 1.18 (95% CI, 1.16 to 1.21) per 0.10-mm common carotid artery IMT difference. Major sources of heterogeneity were age distribution, carotid segment definition, and IMT measurement protocol. The relationship between IMT and risk was nonlinear, but the linear models fitted relatively well for moderate to high IMT values. Carotid IMT is a strong predictor of future vascular events. The relative risk per IMT difference is slightly higher for the end point stroke than for myocardial infarction. In future IMT studies, ultrasound protocols should be aligned with published studies. Data for younger individuals are limited and more studies are required.
            Article 0 comments Cited 265 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Central serous chorioretinopathy: a review of epidemiology and pathophysiology.

              G Quin, Gerald Liew, Mark Gillies … (2013)
              Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) is a common retinal cause of vision loss. This review surveys the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, natural history and pathophysiology of CSCR. Studies suggest an annual incidence rate of 10 per 100 000 in men, with CSCR occurring six times more commonly in men compared with women. Most acute CSCR cases resolve spontaneously within 2-3 months. Prognosis is highly dependent on presenting visual acuity; patients with initial visual acuities of 6/6 remain at that level, while patients with initial visual acuities of less than 6/9 recover on average two to three Snellen lines over the next few years. The main risk factors for CSCR are systemic corticosteroid use, type A personality, pregnancy and endogenous Cushing's syndrome. The pathophysiology of CSCR remains obscure, although disorders in both the choroidal circulation and retinal pigment epithelium are implicated. © 2012 The Authors. Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology © 2012 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists.
              Article 0 comments Cited 123 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Mohsen Pourazizi:
                ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-8209
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Ophthalmol
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JOPH
                Title: Journal of Ophthalmology
                Publisher: Hindawi
                ISSN (Print): 2090-004X
                ISSN (Electronic): 2090-0058
                Publication date Collection: 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 4 September 2021
                Volume: 2021
                Electronic Location Identifier: 6652373
                Affiliations
                1Isfahan Eye Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                2Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
                3Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
                4Cardiovascular Research Center, Cardiovascular Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
                Author notes

                Academic Editor: Michele Figus

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9714-8209
                Article
                DOI: 10.1155/2021/6652373
                PMC ID: 8437640
                SO-VID: 7a879de9-6dd8-475c-b7df-017fd02e4ea9
                Copyright © Copyright © 2021 Kobra Nasrollahi et al.
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 19 November 2020
                Date revision received : 25 July 2021
                Date accepted : 9 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Ophthalmology & Optometry

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