Ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) and cellular rejection in solid organ transplantation are characterized by adhesion molecule up-regulation on the graft endothelium, a prerequisite for leukocyte recruitment. The contribution of NK cells to I/R and allograft rejection is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate allogeneic interactions between human NK cells and microvascular endothelial cells (MVEC) with special regard to the differential impact of TNF-alpha and hypoxia/reoxygenation in an in vitro model of I/R.