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      El tratamiento con glucocorticoides en pacientes con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda. Una revisión sistemática de la literatura y metaanálisis Translated title: Glucocorticoid treatment in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome. A systematic review and meta-analysis

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          Abstract

          Introducción: el síndrome de dificultad respiratoria aguda (SDRA) es secundario a inflamación originada en una enfermedad pulmonar primaria o una afección extrínseca al pulmón. Es frecuente en cuidado intensivo y conlleva alta mortalidad. Objetivos: determinar la eficacia y seguridad de los glucocorticoides en dosis bajas en personas mayores de 18 años con SDRA, en términos de mortalidad, días libres de ventilación mecánica, incidencia de infecciones nosocomiales, neuromiopatía y sangrado digestivo. Metodología: se hizo una búsqueda sistemática de ensayos clínicos controlados que compararon glucocorticoides con placebo, en adultos con SDRA en los desenlaces descritos. También, búsqueda secundaria de ensayos clínicos referenciados en los artículos primarios. Resultados: se encontraron siete ensayos clínicos. Se demostró disminución de la mortalidad hospitalaria al día 28 (OR: 0,56 [0,38-0,81], ganancia de 3,5 días libres de ventilación mecánica, disminución en la incidencia de infecciones nosocomiales y neumonía adquirida en el hospital. No hubo diferencias en la neuromiopatía asociada con esteroides, pero sí una tendencia, no significativa, al aumento del sangrado digestivo. Conclusión: los esteroides en dosis bajas disminuyen la mortalidad al día 28 de los adultos con SDRA y aumentan los días libres de ventilación mecánica sin aumentar los efectos adversos significativos.

          Translated abstract

          Background: The Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) is a lung inflammation secondary to primary or extrinsic pulmonary pathology. It is a common disease in the intensive care unit and its mortality rate is high. Objectives: To determine the efficacy and safety of corticosteroids in patients with ARDS older than 18 years, in terms of mortality, mechanical ventilationfree days, and safety in regard to nosocomial infections, health-care related pneumonia, neuromiopathy, and gastrointestinal bleeding. Search methods: A systematic search of electronic and manual literature was done, without restriction of language, of controlled clinical trials involving adults with ARDS, randomized to placebo vs. steroids, and that measured the outcomes described. Results: Seven clinical trials were found showing a decrease in hospital mortality (OR 0.56 [0.38-0.81], 3.5 more days free from mechanical ventilation, a decrease in nosocomial infections and in hospitalacquired pneumonia. There were no differences in the presentation of steroid-associated neuromiopathy. There was a non-significant tendency to increase in bleeding from the digestive tract. Conclusion: Low-dose steroids seem to have a beneficial effect on mortality and ventilator-free days in adult patients with ARDS with no increase in adverse effects.

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          Most cited references39

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          The PRISMA statement for reporting systematic reviews and meta-analyses of studies that evaluate health care interventions: explanation and elaboration.

          Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are essential to summarize evidence relating to efficacy and safety of health care interventions accurately and reliably. The clarity and transparency of these reports, however, is not optimal. Poor reporting of systematic reviews diminishes their value to clinicians, policy makers, and other users. Since the development of the QUOROM (QUality Of Reporting Of Meta-analysis) Statement--a reporting guideline published in 1999--there have been several conceptual, methodological, and practical advances regarding the conduct and reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Also, reviews of published systematic reviews have found that key information about these studies is often poorly reported. Realizing these issues, an international group that included experienced authors and methodologists developed PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) as an evolution of the original QUOROM guideline for systematic reviews and meta-analyses of evaluations of health care interventions. The PRISMA Statement consists of a 27-item checklist and a four-phase flow diagram. The checklist includes items deemed essential for transparent reporting of a systematic review. In this Explanation and Elaboration document, we explain the meaning and rationale for each checklist item. For each item, we include an example of good reporting and, where possible, references to relevant empirical studies and methodological literature. The PRISMA Statement, this document, and the associated Web site (http://www.prisma-statement.org/) should be helpful resources to improve reporting of systematic reviews and meta-analyses.
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            Dexamethasone and length of hospital stay in patients with community-acquired pneumonia: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

            Whether addition of corticosteroids to antibiotic treatment benefits patients with community-acquired pneumonia who are not in intensive care units is unclear. We aimed to assess effect of addition of dexamethasone on length of stay in this group, which might result in earlier resolution of pneumonia through dampening of systemic inflammation. In our double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, we randomly assigned adults aged 18 years or older with confirmed community-acquired pneumonia who presented to emergency departments of two teaching hospitals in the Netherlands to receive intravenous dexamethasone (5 mg once a day) or placebo for 4 days from admission. Patients were ineligible if they were immunocompromised, needed immediate transfer to an intensive-care unit, or were already receiving corticosteroids or immunosuppressive drugs. We randomly allocated patients on a one-to-one basis to treatment groups with a computerised randomisation allocation sequence in blocks of 20. The primary outcome was length of hospital stay in all enrolled patients. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT00471640. Between November, 2007, and September, 2010, we enrolled 304 patients and randomly allocated 153 to the placebo group and 151 to the dexamethasone group. 143 (47%) of 304 enrolled patients had pneumonia of pneumonia severity index class 4-5 (79 [52%] patients in the dexamethasone group and 64 [42%] controls). Median length of stay was 6·5 days (IQR 5·0-9·0) in the dexamethasone group compared with 7·5 days (5·3-11·5) in the placebo group (95% CI of difference in medians 0-2 days; p=0·0480). In-hospital mortality and severe adverse events were infrequent and rates did not differ between groups, although 67 (44%) of 151 patients in the dexamethasone group had hyperglycaemia compared with 35 (23%) of 153 controls (p<0·0001). Dexamethasone can reduce length of hospital stay when added to antibiotic treatment in non-immunocompromised patients with community-acquired pneumonia. None. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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              Corticosteroids in the prevention and treatment of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in adults: meta-analysis.

              To systematically review the efficacy of steroids in the prevention of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in critically ill adults, and treatment for established ARDS. Search of randomised controlled trials (1966-April 2007) of PubMed, Cochrane central register of controlled trials, Cochrane database of systematic reviews, American College of Physicians Journal Club, health technology assessment database, and database of abstracts of reviews of effects. Two investigators independently assessed trials for inclusion and extracted data into standardised forms; differences were resolved by consensus. Steroid efficacy was assessed through a Bayesian hierarchical model for comparing the odds of developing ARDS and mortality (both expressed as odds ratio with 95% credible interval) and duration of ventilator free days, assessed as mean difference. Bayesian outcome probabilities were calculated as the probability that the odds ratio would be > or =1 or the probability that the mean difference would be > or =0. Nine randomised trials using variable dose and duration of steroids were identified. Preventive steroids (four studies) were associated with a trend to increase both the odds of patients developing ARDS (odds ratio 1.55, 95% credible interval 0.58 to 4.05; P(odds ratio > or =1)=86.6%), and the risk of mortality in those who subsequently developed ARDS (three studies, odds ratio 1.52, 95% credible interval 0.30 to 5.94; P(odds ratio > or =1)=72.8%). Steroid administration after onset of ARDS (five studies) was associated with a trend towards reduction in mortality (odds ratio 0.62, 95% credible interval 0.23 to 1.26; P(odds ratio > or =1)=6.8%). Steroid therapy increased the number of ventilator free days compared with controls (three studies, mean difference 4.05 days, 95% credible interval 0.22 to 8.71; P(mean difference > or =0)=97.9%). Steroids were not associated with increase in risk of infection. A definitive role of corticosteroids in the treatment of ARDS in adults is not established. A possibility of reduced mortality and increased ventilator free days with steroids started after the onset of ARDS was suggested. Preventive steroids possibly increase the incidence of ARDS in critically ill adults.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                iat
                Iatreia
                Iatreia
                Universidad de Antioquia (Medellín )
                0121-0793
                April 2013
                : 26
                : 2
                : 160-171
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital Pablo Tobón Uribe Colombia
                [2 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [3 ] Universidad de Antioquia Colombia
                [4 ] Hospital Manuel Uribe Ángel Colombia
                Article
                S0121-07932013000200005
                7d66c50d-7f06-4339-bfed-47b6fd1f19a6

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Self URI (journal page): http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_serial&pid=0121-0793&lng=en
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS),Steroids,Esteroides,Ensayo clínico controlado,Síndrome de Dificultad Respiratoria del Adulto (SDRA),Controlled Clinical Trial

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