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      Comorbidity between Klinefelter syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia. A case report Translated title: Comorbidade entre síndrome de Klinefelter e hérnia diafragmática.Um relato de caso

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          Abstract

          CONTEXT:

          Intrathoracic cystic lesions have been diagnosed in a wide variety of age groups, and the increasing use of prenatal imaging studies has allowed detection of these defects even in utero.

          CASE REPORT:

          A 17-year-old pregnant woman in her second gestation, at 23 weeks of pregnancy, presented an ultrasound with evidence of a cystic anechoic image in the fet al left hemithorax. A morphological ultrasound examination performed at the hospital found that this cystic image measured 3.7 cm x 2.1 cm x 1.6 cm. Polyhydramnios was also present. At this time, the hypothesis of cystic adenomatoid malformation was raised. Fet al echocardiography showed only a dextroposed heart. Fet al magnetic resonance imaging produced an image compatible with a left diaphragmatic hernia containing the stomach and at least the first and second portions of the duodenum, left lobe of the liver, spleen, small intestine segments and portions of the colon. The stomach was greatly distended and the heart was shifted to the right. There was severe volume reduction of the left lung. Fet al karyotyping showed the chromosomal constitution of 47,XXY, compatible with Klinefelter syndrome. In our review of the literature, we found only one case of association between Klinefelter syndrome and diaphragmatic hernia.

          CONCLUSIONS:

          We believe that the association observed in this case was merely coincidental, since both conditions are relatively common. The chance of both events occurring simultaneously is estimated to be 1 in 1.5 million births.

          Translated abstract

          CONTEXTO:

          Lesões císticas intratorácicas são diagnosticadas em ampla variedade de faixas etárias, e o uso aumentado dos estudos de imagem pré-natal tem permitido a detecção desses defeitos ainda intraútero.

          RELATO DO CASO:

          Uma gestante de 17 anos que estava em sua segunda gravidez, com 23 semanas de gestação, apresentava ultrassom com evidência de imagem cística anecoica no hemitórax esquerdo fet al. O ultrassom morfológico realizado no hospital verificou que esta media 3,7 cm x 2,1 cm x 1,6 cm. Evidenciou-se também a presença de polidrâmnio. Neste momento, levantou-se a hipótese de malformação adenomatoide cística. A ecocardiografia fet al mostrou apenas coração desviado para a direita. A ressonância magnética fet al revelou imagem compatível com hérnia diafragmática à esquerda, contendo estômago e, pelo menos, primeira e segunda partes do duodeno, lobo esquerdo do fígado, baço, segmentos de intestino delgado e porções do cólon. O estômago mostrava-se muito distendido e o coração, deslocado para a direita. Havia redução importante do volume do pulmão esquerdo. O cariótipo fet al mostrou constituição cromossômica 47,XXY, compatível com a síndrome de Klinefelter. Em nossa revisão da literatura, encontramos apenas um caso de associação entre síndrome de Klinefelter e hérnia diafragmática.

          CONCLUSÃO:

          Acreditamos que a associação observada neste caso foi puramente uma coincidência, uma vez que ambas as condições são relativamente comuns. A chance de os dois eventos ocorrerem simultaneamente é estimada em 1 em 1,5 milhões de nascimentos.

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          Most cited references14

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          Prenatal and postnatal prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome: a national registry study.

          The objective of this study was to describe the prevalence of Klinefelter syndrome (KS) prenatally and postnatally in Denmark and determine the influence of maternal age. All chromosomal examinations in Denmark are registered in the Danish Cytogenetic Central Registry. Individuals with KS diagnosed prenatally or postnatally were extracted from the registry with information about age at the time of diagnosis and mother's age. In the period 1970-2000, 76,526 prenatal examinations on male fetuses resulted in the diagnosis of 163 fetuses with KS karyotype, corresponding to a prevalence of 213 per 100,000 male fetuses. Standardization according to maternal age resulted in a prevalence of 153 per 100,000 males. Postnatally, 696 males of 2,480,858 live born were diagnosed with KS, corresponding to a prevalence among adult men of approximately 40 per 100,000. Less than 10% of the expected number was diagnosed before puberty. Advanced maternal age had a significant impact on the prevalence. KS is severely underdiagnosed in Denmark. Only approximately one fourth of adult males with KS are diagnosed. There is a marked delay in diagnosis of the syndrome. A delay in treatment with testosterone may lead to decreased muscle and bone mass with subsequent risk of osteoporosis.
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            Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia

            Juan Tovar (2012)
            Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia (CDH) is defined by the presence of an orifice in the diaphragm, more often left and posterolateral that permits the herniation of abdominal contents into the thorax. The lungs are hypoplastic and have abnormal vessels that cause respiratory insufficiency and persistent pulmonary hypertension with high mortality. About one third of cases have cardiovascular malformations and lesser proportions have skeletal, neural, genitourinary, gastrointestinal or other defects. CDH can be a component of Pallister-Killian, Fryns, Ghersoni-Baruch, WAGR, Denys-Drash, Brachman-De Lange, Donnai-Barrow or Wolf-Hirschhorn syndromes. Some chromosomal anomalies involve CDH as well. The incidence is < 5 in 10,000 live-births. The etiology is unknown although clinical, genetic and experimental evidence points to disturbances in the retinoid-signaling pathway during organogenesis. Antenatal diagnosis is often made and this allows prenatal management (open correction of the hernia in the past and reversible fetoscopic tracheal obstruction nowadays) that may be indicated in cases with severe lung hypoplasia and grim prognosis. Treatment after birth requires all the refinements of critical care including extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prior to surgical correction. The best hospital series report 80% survival but it remains around 50% in population-based studies. Chronic respiratory tract disease, neurodevelopmental problems, neurosensorial hearing loss and gastroesophageal reflux are common problems in survivors. Much more research on several aspects of this severe condition is warranted.
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              Morbidity and mortality in Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY).

              Klinefelter syndrome (KS) (47,XXY) is the most common sex chromosome disorder in man and is a relatively common cause of male infertility and hypogonadism. The syndrome has been known since 1942, and many reports of different diseases associated with KS have been reported since that, but a more systematic knowledge about the long-term outcome was not described until the last decade, where nation-wide epidemiological studies were reported from Britain and Denmark. We here review the epidemiological data from two cohorts of patients with KS in Denmark and Britain, showing a significant increase in both mortality and morbidity from a variety of different causes. Mortality was increased by 50% (SMR 1.5 or HR 1.4) corresponding to a median loss of approximately 2 years. The risk of being admitted to hospital with any diagnosis was increased by 70%. The underlying reason for the poorer health in KS may be caused by interaction of genetic, hormonal and socio-economic factors. Both morbidity and mortality are significantly increased in Klinefelter syndrome with a 50% increase in mortality risk and a 70% increase in risk of being admitted to hospital. © 2011 The Author(s)/Acta Paediatrica © 2011 Foundation Acta Paediatrica.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                Sao Paulo Med J
                São Paulo Medical Journal
                Associação Paulista de Medicina - APM
                1516-3180
                1806-9460
                29 July 2014
                2014
                : 132
                : 5
                : 311-313
                Affiliations
                [I ] originalMD. Physician, Gynecology and Obstetrics Program, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [II ] originalUndergraduate Medical Student, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [III ] originalMD. Pediatric Surgeon, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [IV ] originalMD. Neonatologist, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [V ] originalMD. Fetologist, Fet al Medicine, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [VI ] originalMD. Obstetrician, Fet al Medicine, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [VII ] originalMD. Pediatric Radiologist, Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [VIII ] originalPhD. Adjunct Professor of Clinical Genetics and of the Postgraduate Program on Pathology, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), and Clinical Geneticist, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA) and Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                [IX ] originalPhD. Clinical Geneticist, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA), Complexo Hospitalar Santa Casa de Porto Alegre (CHSCPA) and Hospital Materno Infantil Presidente Vargas (HMIPV), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
                Author notes
                Address for correspondence: Rafael Fabiano Machado Rosa. Genética Clínica, Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA). Rua Sarmento Leite, 245/403, Centro - Porto Alegre (RS) - Brasil. CEP 90050-170. Tel. (+55 51) 3303-8771. Fax. (+55 51) 3303-8810. E-mail: rfmr@ 123456terra.com.br

                Conflict of interests: None

                Article
                10.1590/1516-3180.2014.1325737
                10496746
                25075585
                7d8c1957-7e8e-4f8f-b355-b17d77bfe46d

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons license.

                History
                : 21 June 2013
                : 31 October 2013
                : 06 November 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 2, Tables: 1, References: 10, Pages: 3
                Categories
                Case Report

                klinefelter syndrome,sex chromosomes,karyotype,hernia, diaphragmatic,prenatal diagnosis,síndrome de klinefelter,cromossomos sexuais,cariótipo,hérnia diafragmática,diagnóstico pré-natal

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