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      Effects of COVID-19 Misinformation on Information Seeking, Avoidance, and Processing: A Multicountry Comparative Study

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          Abstract

          We examined the implications of exposure to misinformation about COVID-19 in the United States, South Korea, and Singapore in the early stages of the global pandemic. The online survey results showed that misinformation exposure reduced information insufficiency, which subsequently led to greater information avoidance and heuristic processing, as well as less systematic processing of COVID-19 information. Indirect effects differ by country and were stronger in the U.S. sample than in the Singapore sample. This study highlights negative consequences of misinformation during a global pandemic and addresses possible cultural and situational differences in how people interpret and respond to misinformation.

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          Most cited references48

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          The affect heuristic in judgments of risks and benefits

          Melissa L Finucane, Ali Alhakami, Paul Slovic … (2000)
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            The novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) outbreak: Amplification of public health consequences by media exposure.

            Dana Rose Garfin, Roxane Silver, E Holman (2020)
            The 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-2019) has led to a serious outbreak of often severe respiratory disease, which originated in China and has quickly become a global pandemic, with far-reaching consequences that are unprecedented in the modern era. As public health officials seek to contain the virus and mitigate the deleterious effects on worldwide population health, a related threat has emerged: global media exposure to the crisis. We review research suggesting that repeated media exposure to community crisis can lead to increased anxiety, heightened stress responses that can lead to downstream effects on health, and misplaced health-protective and help-seeking behaviors that can overburden health care facilities and tax available resources. We draw from work on previous public health crises (i.e., Ebola and H1N1 outbreaks) and other collective trauma (e.g., terrorist attacks) where media coverage of events had unintended consequences for those at relatively low risk for direct exposure, leading to potentially severe public health repercussions. We conclude with recommendations for individuals, researchers, and public health officials with respect to receiving and providing effective communications during a public health crisis. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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              Proposed model of the relationship of risk information seeking and processing to the development of preventive behaviors.

              R. J. Griffin, S Dunwoody, K. Neuwirth (1999)
              We articulate a model that focuses on characteristics of individuals that might predispose them to seek and process information about health in different ways. Specifically, the model proposes that seven factors-(1) individual characteristics, (2) perceived hazard characteristics, (3) affective response to the risk, (4) felt social pressures to possess relevant information, (5) information sufficiency, (6) one's personal capacity to learn, (7) beliefs about the usefulness of information in various channels-will influence the extent to which a person will seek out this risk information in both routine and nonroutine channels and the extent to which he or she will spend time and effort analyzing the risk information critically. By adapting and synthesizing aspects of Eagly and Chaiken's Heuristic-Systematic Model and Ajzen's Theory of Planned Behavior, we also expect that people who engage in more effortful information seeking and processing are more likely to develop risk-related cognitions, attitudes, and behaviors that are more stable (i.e., less changeable or volatile) over time. Since most forms of health information campaigns attempt to get people to adopt habitual or lifestyle changes, factors leading to the stability or volatility of those behavioral changes are essential concerns. Copyright 1999 Academic Press.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Sci Commun
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Sci Commun
                Journal ID (publisher-id): SCX
                Journal ID (hwp): spscx
                Title: Science Communication
                Publisher: SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                ISSN (Print): 1075-5470
                ISSN (Electronic): 1552-8545
                Publication date (Electronic): 13 September 2020
                Electronic Location Identifier: 1075547020959670
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
                [2 ]Hallym University, Chuncheon, Republic of Korea
                [3 ]The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
                Author notes
                [*]Hye Kyung Kim, Wee Kim Wee School of Communication and Information, Nanyang Technological University, 31 Nanyang Link, #03-08, Singapore 637718. Email: hkkim@ 123456ntu.edu.sg
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0870-147X
                Article
                Publisher ID: 10.1177_1075547020959670
                DOI: 10.1177/1075547020959670
                PMC ID: 7492825
                PubMed ID: 38603002
                SO-VID: 7e816017-2a22-482a-97f7-4a112a3923e3
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2020
                License:

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) which permits any use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access page ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                Funding
                Funded by: ministry of education - singapore, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100001459;
                Award ID: Academic Research Fund Tier 1
                Funded by: national research foundation of korea, FundRef https://doi.org/10.13039/501100003725;
                Award ID: NRF-2018S1A3A2074932
                Funded by: Ministry of Education of the Republic of Korea, ;
                Categories
                Subject: Original Research
                Custom metadata
                edited-state corrected-proof
                typesetter ts1

                Keywords: covid-19,cross-country comparison,information seeking and processing,misinformation
                Data availability:
                Keywords: covid-19, cross-country comparison, information seeking and processing, misinformation

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