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      Toxocarosis neurológica: descripción de un caso clínico Translated title: Neurologic Toxocariasis: Description of a Clinical Case

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          Abstract

          La toxocarosis es una parasitosis producida por los nematodos Toxocara canis y Toxocara felis cuyos huéspedes naturales son los cánidos y félidos domésticos, respectivamente. La infección humana ocurre de manera accidental por la ingesta de huevos larvados presentes en la tierra, arena, agua o alimentos contaminados. Abarca una diversidad de presentaciones clínicas que sumadas a la inespecificidad de la sintomatología y a la dificultad para acceder a un diagnóstico de laboratorio preciso, lleva a que la mayoría de los profesionales no piensen en esta helmintiasis. El presente trabajo describe un caso clínico de toxocarosis neurológica, diagnóstico, tratamiento y epidemiología. Paciente femenino de 42 años de edad, con historia de contacto íntimo con cachorros y perras preñadas que desarrolló compromiso neurológico (paraparesia y vejiga neurógena espástica) asociada a leucocitosis con eosinofilia intensa y persistente (11.766 eosinófilos/mm³), hepatomegalia y serología positiva a Toxocara canis determinada por ELISA y confirmada por Western-blot. Tratamiento: albendazol 400 mg/ día cada 12 hs por vía oral durante 7 días y metilprednisona 80 mg/ día por vía oral durante 3 semanas seguida de una disminución paulatina de la dosis. El estudio epidemiológico consistió en diagnóstico serológico a convivientes de la paciente, análisis parasitológicos a las heces de sus perros y a muestras de tierra procedentes de su domicilio, resultando en todos los casos positivos para Toxocara canis.

          Translated abstract

          Toxocariasis is a parasitosis caused by Toxocara canis and Toxocara felis. Domestic dogs and cats are the natural hosts for these parasites. Accidental human infection occurs through ingestion of larvae present in soil, sand, water, and contaminated food. The great variability of clinical presentation, together with the lack of specific symptoms and the difficulty of reaching an accurate laboratory diagnosis, accounts for misdiagnosis of this helminthiasis. This article describes a clinical case of neurologic toxocariasis and discusses diagnosis, treatment, and epidemiology. The patient was a 42-year-old woman with a history of close contact with puppies and pregnant bitches, suffering from paraparesis and a neurogenic spastic bladder. Hepatomegaly as well as leukocytosis with severe eosinophilia (11,766 eosinophils/mm³) were present. Serum-specific antibodies to Toxocara canis were found in ELISA testing and confirmed by Western Blot. The patient was treated with albendazole (400 mg/day every 12 hours, P.O.) for seven days and with methylprednisone (80 mg/day, P.O.) for three weeks, followed by a gradual reduction of the dosage. Those living with the patient were tested for serum-specific antibodies to T. canis, and feces of the patient's dogs and soil from the environment were examined for parasites. Specific antibodies to T. canis were present in all of the serum samples and T. canis was detected in the soil.

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          Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: human toxocarosis.

          Toxocarosis is the clinical disease in man caused by infection of zoonotic roundworms of dogs and cats, Toxocara canis and T. cati. In this review the mode of transmission to the human by oral ingestion of Toxocara eggs from the environment is discussed. T. cati seems to play a more important role than generally suggested. Direct contact with animals is not considered a potential risk because embryonation of excreted Toxocara ova requires a minimum of 2 weeks. For the same reason there is no relationship expected between infection and exposure to dogs and cats in the household. Children more frequently have clinical symptoms because of the closer contact with contaminated soil in yards and sandpits, the lack of hygiene, and because of eating dirt. Toxocara larval migration in the body can cause various clinical syndromes. Visceral larva migrans, ocular larva migrans, and covert toxocarosis are described. Serodiagnostic techniques are reliable tools to detect antibodies or antigens. Systemic treatment with anthelmintics is described but can result in hypersensitivity reactions caused by dying larvae. For ocular lesions, laser photocoagulation and corticosteroid therapy are described. Preventive measures consist of preventing contamination of the environment with Toxocara eggs and for education of pet owners and non-pet owners to increase awareness about potential zoonotic hazards. Veterinary practitioners, general practitioners, and public health agencies should therefore provide sufficient information and advice.
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            Toxocara larva migrans now.

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              Aspects of Toxocara epidemiology: toxocarosis in dogs and cats.

              Toxocara canis and Toxocara cati are common roundworms of dogs and cats. In this review the life cycles of these parasites are described, including the various routes of transmission, such as transplacental, transmammary infection, and infection through paratenic hosts. The somatic and tracheal migration in the body of the hosts after infection with Toxocara eggs or larvae is discussed, with special reference to age resistance and differences between dog and cat. The clinical symptoms and pathology in adult and young dogs and cats are given. Diagnosis of patent infections can be obtained by fecal examination, and treatment consists of the use of anthelmintics. Control of the infection and disease is achieved by prevention of contamination of the environment, anthelmintic treatment strategy, and education. Special attention is given to the efficacy of anthelmintics against adult worms and against somatic larvae. It is concluded that education on the life cycles of the parasites, hygiene, and anthelmintic treatment schedules is required because of the zoonotic risks of Toxocara spp. Deworming of pregnant dogs and cats is not recommended.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                rchnp
                Revista chilena de neuro-psiquiatría
                Rev. chil. neuro-psiquiatr.
                Sociedad de Neurología, Psiquiatría y Neurocirugía (Santiago, , Chile )
                0717-9227
                September 2000
                : 38
                : 3
                : 196-2000
                Affiliations
                [02] La Plata orgnameHospital Interzonal General de Agudos Gral. San Martín orgdiv1Servicio de Clínica Médica República Argentina
                [01] orgnameUniversidad Nacional de La Plata orgdiv1Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias orgdiv2Laboratorio de Parasitosis Humanas y Zoonosis Parasitarias República Argentina
                [03] Buenos Aires orgnameInstituto Nacional de Parasitología ANLIS Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán orgdiv1Departamento de Parasitología Sanitaria República Argentina
                Article
                S0717-92272000000300007 S0717-9227(00)03800300007
                10.4067/S0717-92272000000300007
                7eaacfac-02d5-418f-8666-354072c2bcf4

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.

                History
                : August 1999
                : February 2000
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 21, Pages: 1805
                Product

                SciELO Chile

                Categories
                Artículos Originales

                neurologic toxocariasis,visceral larva migrans (VLM),toxocara canis

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