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      Lower Circulating C1q/TNF-Related Protein-3 (CTRP3) Levels Are Associated with Obesity: A Cross-Sectional Study

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          Abstract

          Purpose

          C1q/TNF-related protein-3 (CTRP3) is a novel adipokine that lowers blood glucose levels, reduces liver triglyceride synthesis, and is protective against hepatic steatosis in diet-induced obese mouse models. We hypothesized that higher circulating serum levels of CTRP3 would be associated with a lean body mass index (BMI) and a more favorable metabolic profile in humans. The aim of this study was to investigate CTRP3 levels in lean individuals compared to obese individuals.

          Methods

          This was a cross-sectional study of obese (n=44) and lean control patients (n=60). Fasting metabolic parameters were measured in all patients and serum CTRP3 levels were measured by ELISA.

          Results

          BMI of the lean group was 21.9 ± 0.2 kg/m 2 and obese group was 45.2 ± 1.1 kg/m 2. We found significantly lower circulating levels of CTRP3 in obese individuals (405 ± 8.3 vs. 436± 6.7ng/mL, p=0.004) compared to the lean group. Serum CTRP3 levels were inversely correlated with BMI (p=0.001), and triglycerides (p<0.001), and significantly associated with gender (p<0.01), ethnicity (p=0.05), HDL-cholesterol (p<0.01), and adiponectin (p<0.01). We found BMI (p<0.01), gender (p<0.01), and ethnicity (p<0.05) to be significant predictors of CTRP3 levels when controlling for age in multiple regression analysis.

          Conclusions

          CTRP3 is a beneficial adipokine whose circulating levels are significantly lower in obese individuals. Obesity causes dysregulation in adipokine production, including the down-regulation of CTRP3. Lower CTRP3 levels may contribute to the pathophysiology of metabolic disorders associated with obesity. Optimizing CTRP3 levels through novel therapies may improve obesity and its comorbidities.

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          Most cited references30

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          Adipocytes as regulators of energy balance and glucose homeostasis.

          Evan Rosen, Bruce M Spiegelman (2006)
          Adipocytes have been studied with increasing intensity as a result of the emergence of obesity as a serious public health problem and the realization that adipose tissue serves as an integrator of various physiological pathways. In particular, their role in calorie storage makes adipocytes well suited to the regulation of energy balance. Adipose tissue also serves as a crucial integrator of glucose homeostasis. Knowledge of adipocyte biology is therefore crucial for understanding the pathophysiological basis of obesity and metabolic diseases such as type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, the rational manipulation of adipose physiology is a promising avenue for therapy of these conditions.
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            Plasma concentrations of a novel, adipose-specific protein, adiponectin, in type 2 diabetic patients.

            Kikuko Hotta, Tohru Funahashi, Yukio Arita … (2000)
            Adiponectin is a novel, adipose-specific protein abundantly present in the circulation, and it has antiatherogenic properties. We analyzed the plasma adiponectin concentrations in age- and body mass index (BMI)-matched nondiabetic and type 2 diabetic subjects with and without coronary artery disease (CAD). Plasma levels of adiponectin in the diabetic subjects without CAD were lower than those in nondiabetic subjects (6.6+/-0.4 versus 7.9+/-0.5 microg/mL in men, 7.6+/-0.7 versus 11.7+/-1.0 microg/mL in women; P<0.001). The plasma adiponectin concentrations of diabetic patients with CAD were lower than those of diabetic patients without CAD (4.0+/-0.4 versus 6.6+/-0.4 microg/mL, P<0.001 in men; 6.3+/-0.8 versus 7.6+/-0. 7 microg/mL in women). In contrast, plasma levels of leptin did not differ between diabetic patients with and without CAD. The presence of microangiopathy did not affect the plasma adiponectin levels in diabetic patients. Significant, univariate, inverse correlations were observed between adiponectin levels and fasting plasma insulin (r=-0.18, P<0.01) and glucose (r=-0.26, P<0.001) levels. In multivariate analysis, plasma insulin did not independently affect the plasma adiponectin levels. BMI, serum triglyceride concentration, and the presence of diabetes or CAD remained significantly related to plasma adiponectin concentrations. Weight reduction significantly elevated plasma adiponectin levels in the diabetic subjects as well as the nondiabetic subjects. These results suggest that the decreased plasma adiponectin concentrations in diabetes may be an indicator of macroangiopathy.
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              Socioeconomic disparities in health in the United States: what the patterns tell us.

              Paula Braveman, Catherine Cubbin, Susan Egerter … (2010)
              We aimed to describe socioeconomic disparities in the United States across multiple health indicators and socioeconomic groups. Using recent national data on 5 child (infant mortality, health status, activity limitation, healthy eating, sedentary adolescents) and 6 adult (life expectancy, health status, activity limitation, heart disease, diabetes, obesity) health indicators, we examined indicator rates across multiple income or education categories, overall and within racial/ethnic groups. Those with the lowest income and who were least educated were consistently least healthy, but for most indicators, even groups with intermediate income and education levels were less healthy than the wealthiest and most educated. Gradient patterns were seen often among non-Hispanic Blacks and Whites but less consistently among Hispanics. Health in the United States is often, though not invariably, patterned strongly along both socioeconomic and racial/ethnic lines, suggesting links between hierarchies of social advantage and health. Worse health among the most socially disadvantaged argues for policies prioritizing those groups, but pervasive gradient patterns also indicate a need to address a wider socioeconomic spectrum-which may help garner political support. Routine health reporting should examine socioeconomic and racial/ethnic disparity patterns, jointly and separately.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Yanqiao Zhang: Role: Editor
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
                Journal ID (pmc): plosone
                Title: PLoS ONE
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 July 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 10
                Issue: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: e0133955
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Pediatrics, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
                [2 ]Department of Surgery, The Johns Hopkins Center for Bariatric Surgery, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
                [3 ]Department of Physiology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
                [4 ]The Center for Metabolism and Obesity Research The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, 21205, United States of America
                Northeast Ohio Medical University, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: M. A. S. received a research grant from Enteromedics for the Empower Study investigating a vagal blocking device, and has received an honorarium (<$1000) from Covidien. This funding is not relevant to the content of this manuscript. This does not alter the authors' adherence to PLOS ONE policies on sharing data and materials. The other authors have nothing to disclose.

                Conceived and designed the experiments: RW GWW KS LP. Performed the experiments: RW GWW KS MS TM LP. Analyzed the data: RW GWW KS LP. Contributed reagents/materials/analysis tools: RW GWW KS TM MS LP. Wrote the paper: RW GWW KS TM MS LP.

                Article
                Publisher ID: PONE-D-15-04227
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133955
                PMC ID: 4519328
                PubMed ID: 26222183
                SO-VID: 7ec15c2f-3cf0-4ef6-830e-8016f1539868
                Copyright statement: Copyright @ 2015
                License:

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited

                History
                Date received : 28 January 2015
                Date accepted : 4 July 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 1, Tables: 3, Pages: 11
                Funding
                R. M. W. was supported by a T32 training grant from NIDDK (DK007751), the Pediatric Endocrine Society Research Fellowship Award, and the Endocrine Society Endocrine Scholars Award. G. W. W. was supported by an NIH RO1 grant (DK084171). These funding sources played no role in the study design, collection, analysis, and interpretation of data, the writing of the manuscript and the decision to submit the manuscript for publication.
                Categories
                Subject: Research Article
                Custom metadata
                Data Availability Confidential patient data can only be shared as approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Hospital. Ethics Committee: Johns Hopkins Hospital Institutional Review Board. Contact Information for data: Risa M Wolf, MD, Johns Hopkins Hospital, rwolf@ 123456jhu.edu .

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Uncategorized

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