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      Pitiose cutânea em equinos: uma revisão Translated title: Pythiosis cutánea equina: una revisión Translated title: Equine Skin Pythiosis: a review

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          Abstract

          A Pitiose cutânea equina é uma doença da pele de equinos que pastam em áreas inundáveis de regiões tropicais e subtropicais. Esta doença é causada pelo o Oomiceto Pythium insidiosum. As lesões caracterizam-se por sua aparência granulomatosa e em forma de cratera, com presença de prurido, trajetos fistulosos, secreção fibrino-sanguinolenta e saída de material necrótico caseificado denominado "kunkers". Esta revisão pretende recopilar informação detalhada e atualizada da doença, pelo qual se abordam os conceitos gerais de sua apresentação, os mecanismos fisiopatológicos e os métodos diagnósticos e terapêuticos mais utilizados.

          Translated abstract

          La pythiosis cutánea equina es una enfermedad de la piel de equinos que pastan en zonas inundables de regiones tropicales y subtropicales. Esta enfermedad es causada por el Oomiceto Pythium insidiosum. Las lesiones se caracterizan por su apariencia granulomatosa y en forma de cráter, con presencia de prurito, trayectos fistulosos, secreción fibrino-sanguinolenta y salida de material necrótico caseificado denominados "kunkers". En esta revisión se ofrece informacion detallada y actualizada sobre la enfermedad, abordando los conceptos generales de su presentación, sus mecanismos fisiopatológicos y los métodos diagnósticos y terapéuticos más utilizados.

          Translated abstract

          Equine cutaneous pythiosis is a skin disease of horses grazing on flooding areas of tropical and subtropical regions. It is caused by the Oomycete Pythium insidiosum. The lesions are characterized by a crater-shaped and granulomatous appearance with presence of pruritus, sinus tracts, bloody fibrinous secretions and caseous necrotic material excretions called "kunkers". This review provides detailed and updated information about the disease, addressing the general concepts of its presentation, pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic and therapeutic methods frecuently used.

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          Pythium insidiosum: an overview.

          Wim Gaastra, Len Lipman, Arthur de Cock … (2010)
          Pythium insidiosum is an oomycete pathogenic in mammals. The infection occurs mainly in tropical and subtropical areas, particularly in horses, dogs and humans. Infection is acquired through small wounds via contact with water that contains motile zoospores or other propagules (zoospores or hyphae). The disease, though described as emerging has in fact already been described since 1884. Depending on the site of entry, infection can lead to different forms of pythiosis i.e. a cutaneous, vascular, ocular, gastrointestinal and a systemic form, which is rarely seen. The infection is not contagious; no animal-animal or animal-human transmission has been reported so far. Therapy includes radical surgery, antifungal drugs, immunotherapy or a combination of these therapies. The prevention to contract the disease in endemic areas is difficult. Avoiding stagnant waters could be of help, although the presence of P. insidiosum on grass and soil in enzootic areas renders this practice useless.
          Article 0 comments Cited 89 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Life cycle of the human and animal oomycete pathogen Pythium insidiosum.

            L Ajello, L. Mendoza Navas, Ledia Hernandez (1993)
            Pythium insidiosum, the etiologic agent of pythiosis insidiosii, causes life-threatening infections in humans and animals. Previous studies of the epidemiology of this disease hypothesized about the possible life cycle of this oomycete. Details, however, were not provided on the steps required to cause infection. We investigated the life cycle of P. insidiosum by inoculating pieces of equine skin and plant leaves and then studying the ensuing events with a scanning electron microscope. Our observations revealed that zoospores had a strong tropism for skin tissue, horse and human hair, and water lily and grass leaves and a weak attraction to a variety of other leaves. Encysted zoospores were observed on the favored leaves and skin. There they produced germ tubes and later abundant hyphal filaments that penetrated leaf tissues. Young sporangia had compact, thick walls. The sporangial wall was reduced to a fragile membrane when the sporangia had produced well-differentiated biflagellate zoospores. The encysted zoospores secreted an amorphous material that permitted the zoospores to adhere to skin and plant tissues. On the basis of these findings, a model to explain the life cycle of P. insidiosum is proposed.
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              Immunology and immunotherapy of the infections caused by Pythium insidiosum.

              Leonel Mendoza, Joseph C. Newton (2005)
              Although infections caused by the straminipilan pathogen Pythium insidiosum were described in 19th century, it has been only recently that its epidemiology, immunology, treatment and other important traits were extensively studied. These studies were of paramount importance to theorize about the ecological niche for this pathogen, its host-parasite relationships, the antigens used for diagnosis, and the management of the infection using immunotherapy. P. insidiosum triggers in the infected host a T helper 2 [Th2] subset with an inflammatory reaction composed mainly of eosinophils and mast cells. These cells degranulate around the hyphal elements of P. insidiosum where a Splendore-Hoeppli-like reaction develops. In horses this reaction is so intensive that firm concretions called 'kunkers' develop. These data indicated that this pathogen might have developed an evolutionary strategy to conceal important antigens from the host immune system. Immunotherapy, a treatment approach that relies on the injection of antigens of P. insidiosum from in vitro cultures, has been successfully used in humans and horses to manage this disease. A switch from a Th2 to Th1 response is postulated as the most likely explanation of the curative properties of this approach. This review provides details on the serological, immunological, and immunotherapeutic methodologies used to diagnose and treat the infections caused by this pathogen.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (publisher-id): cmvz
                Title: CES Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia
                Abbreviated Title: Ces. Med. Vet. Zootec.
                Publisher: Universidad CES (Medellín, Antioquia, Colombia )
                ISSN (Electronic): 1900-9607
                Publication date (Print and electronic): January 2013
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 1
                Pages: 104-113
                Affiliations
                [01] Montería orgnameClínica de Grandes Animales y Medicina Especial en Equinos orgdiv1Universidad de Córdoba orgdiv2Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias Colombia
                [03] Montería orgnameUniversidad de Córdoba orgdiv1Departamento de Ciencias Pecuarias Colombia
                [02] Viçosa orgnameUniversidad Federal de Viçosa orgdiv1Departamento de Medicina Veterinaria Brasil
                Article
                Publisher ID: S1900-96072013000100009 Publisher ID: S1900-9607(13)00800109
                SO-VID: 7ec4e88c-40fb-4dbf-8667-4ebaa0093746
                License:

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.

                History
                Date accepted : 03 May 2013
                Date received : 25 February 2013
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 47, Pages: 10
                Product

                SciELO Colombia

                Categories
                Subject: Artigos de revisão

                Keywords: Pythium insidiosum,kunkers,Cavalos,Horses,Caballos
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Pythium insidiosum, kunkers, Cavalos, Horses, Caballos

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