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      Cryptococcus bacillisporus causing cryptococcoma of the beak of an African grey parrot ( Psittacus erithacus), Portugal

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          Abstract

          We report a severe case of rhinothecal cryptococcoma in a 13-year-old female African Grey Parrot ( Psittacus erithacus). The bird was born and bred in captivity in Portugal. The beak was deformed and showed several round soft masses, and microscopic examination revealed the presence of cells suggestive for Cryptococcus. Phenotypic and molecular analyses identified the obtained yeast culture as C. bacillisporus (AFLP5/VGIII). By phylogenetic analysis the parrot strain clustered with clinical C. bacillisporus strains from Mexico.

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          Recognition of seven species in the Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.

          Ferry Hagen, Kantarawee Khayhan, Bart Theelen … (2015)
          Phylogenetic analysis of 11 genetic loci and results from many genotyping studies revealed significant genetic diversity with the pathogenic Cryptococcus gattii/Cryptococcus neoformans species complex. Genealogical concordance, coalescence-based, and species tree approaches supported the presence of distinct and concordant lineages within the complex. Consequently, we propose to recognize the current C. neoformans var. grubii and C. neoformans var. neoformans as separate species, and five species within C. gattii. The type strain of C. neoformans CBS132 represents a serotype AD hybrid and is replaced. The newly delimited species differ in aspects of pathogenicity, prevalence for patient groups, as well as biochemical and physiological aspects, such as susceptibility to antifungals. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry readily distinguishes the newly recognized species.
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            Consensus multi-locus sequence typing scheme for Cryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii.

            Anastasia Litvintseva, Teun Boekhout, Félix Gilgado … (2009)
            This communication describes the consensus multi-locus typing scheme established by the Cryptococcal Working Group I (Genotyping of Cryptococcus neoformans and C. gattii) of the International Society for Human and Animal Mycology (ISHAM) using seven unlinked genetic loci for global strain genotyping. These genetic loci include the housekeeping genes CAP59,GPD1, LAC1, PLB1, SOD1, URA5 and the IGS1 region. Allele and sequence type information are accessible at http://www.mlst.net/ .
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              Molecular Typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans Isolates

              Wieland Meyer, Alexandra Castañeda, Stuart Jackson … (2003)
              A network was established to acquire basic knowledge of Cryptococcus neoformans in IberoAmerican countries. To this effect, 340 clinical, veterinary, and environmental isolates from Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, Venezuela, Guatemala, and Spain were typed by using M13 polymerase chain reaction-fingerprinting and orotidine monophosphate pyrophosphorylase (URA5) gene restriction fragment length polymorphsm analysis with HhaI and Sau96I in a double digest. Both techniques grouped all isolates into eight previously established molecular types. The majority of the isolates, 68.2% (n=232), were VNI (var. grubii, serotype A), which accords with the fact that this variety causes most human cryptococcal infections worldwide. A smaller proportion, 5.6% (n=19), were VNII (var. grubii, serotype A); 4.1% (n=14), VNIII (AD hybrid), with 9 isolates having a polymorphism in the URA5 gene; 1.8% (n=6), VNIV (var. neoformans, serotype D); 3.5% (n=12), VGI; 6.2% (n=21), VGII; 9.1% (n=31), VGIII, and 1.5% (n=5) VGIV, with all four VG types containing var. gattii serotypes B and C isolates.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Ferry Hagen
                Maria F. Colom
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Med Mycol Case Rep
                Title: Medical Mycology Case Reports
                Publisher: Elsevier
                ISSN (Electronic): 2211-7539
                Publication date PMC-release: 03 September 2021
                Publication date Collection: December 2021
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 September 2021
                Volume: 34
                Pages: 8-12
                Affiliations
                [a ]VetExóticos, Clínica Veterinaria, Almada, Portugal
                [b ]Noah's Path. Veterinary Pathology Laboratory Specialising in Wildlife and Exotic Species, Elche, Spain
                [c ]Medical Mycology Laboratory, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D’Alacant, Spain
                [d ]Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [e ]Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
                [f ]Institute for Healthcare and Biomedical Research of Alicante, ISABIAL, Alicante, Spain
                Author notes
                [∗ ]Corresponding author. Westerdijk Fungal Biodiversity Institute, Utrecht, the Netherlands. f.hagen@ 123456wi.knaw.nl
                [∗∗ ]Corresponding author. Medical Mycology Laboratory, University Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D’Alacant, Spain. colom@ 123456goumh.umh.es
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2211-7539(21)00048-8
                DOI: 10.1016/j.mmcr.2021.08.006
                PMC ID: 8427220
                SO-VID: 7fcc614b-63b1-42e7-96e4-56fb53f752d5
                Copyright © © 2021 The Authors
                License:

                This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

                History
                Date received : 5 August 2021
                Date revision received : 16 August 2021
                Date accepted : 31 August 2021
                Categories
                Subject: Case Report

                Keywords: cryptococcus bacillisporus,african grey parrot,psittacus erithacus,aflp5/vgiii
                Data availability:
                Keywords: cryptococcus bacillisporus, african grey parrot, psittacus erithacus, aflp5/vgiii

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